Changing Families Essay Example for Free

Changing Families Essay Changing Families in Society James S. Hunter III OMM 612 Dr. David Jung April 21, 2013 By watching television one would think that the family is made up of one man, one woman, children and possibly pets. The family has changed over the years from before today we have a much more unique family life than twenty five or fifty years ago. Society has become more acceptable to change and have accepted the not so normal or traditional family way. As many things with time comes change. The family has evolved and is comprised of many mechanisms that are different from the past. There are new roles such as multiple incomes from the man and woman, families with partners that are the same gender, couples that are not married but living together, blended families and divorced parents. These are just a few of the many changes the family has gone through in the last two or five decades. Many years ago, woman would have not been the main source of income or even working. Cohabitation of couples that are not married living together and especially same sex partners raising kids. Whatever the argument may be even if there is one? Our society has embraced the new family that has been made over and changed. The definition of a family being a woman, man, children and pet have somewhat been redefined by so many alternatives to raising children. Although only a woman can conceive a child if no medical issues are a factor. They have adoption, surrogacy and other means of receiving children and raising them in our society with other means and make-ups of the family. Social change refers to the alteration in nature such as social behavior or institutions. The social change of families in America and even the world has been altered in many ways from years ago. When my parents and grandparents were coming up it was the time when the men worked and the women stayed home to take of the kids and the house. During that time divorce was frowned upon or just unthinkable. Those times have changed significantly. Many women today are thrilled to have a career and continue to do the same duties as expected of a mother and wife. The husband has evolved over time to assist with chores around the house. In some instances the women are the sole bread earners for the family and the husband is home with the kids. This could be seen as role reversal. Many women today regardless of career intensions or simply not having a choice but to work, either way women are more prominent in the workforce and this have changed the family in a huge way. Family success is better defined as the husband and wife working. â€Å"In 1950 about one in three women participated in the workforce. † Today the workforce comprise of forty eight percent women and fifty two percent men† (S. M. Heathfield, about. com, 2013). Even though, there are changes in society with the family and women working and making up almost half of the workforce. There are ongoing issues that employers and lawmakers need to address because this change of women obtaining careers is on the rise. One issue is the equality in pay between genders. Today most men in the same field are paid higher than women. In our society a high number of women find it more appealing to have a career, be a wife and mother. A significant change that accompanies women that have a career is less time with the family and a lot of times families don’t even eat together due to busy schedules. However, with time and change for some this is acceptable. Divorce is another change in society in which many years ago divorce was never an option. The family has had several makeovers and divorce is rapid and changing our society in a majority negative way. When divorce is the final verdict the children are the focus if they are involved and this makes life more complicated than normal. A comparison was done with children from divorced and non-divorced families and these are some of the findings. â€Å"The Draw-A-Family Test was administered to 108 Swedish children. Fifty four children were from divorce families (27 girls, 27 boys) and 54 (27 girls, 27 boys) from intact families. The age of the subjects was ranging between 10 and 12 years. Focus was placed on which family members were included in the drawings, the prevailing mood of the figures, and on the tendencies to make profile drawings and to omit hands and feet. The results showed that divorce boys omitted their siblings more often than did girls or non-divorce boys, suggesting more intensive sibling rivalry. However, both divorce and non-divorce children usually included the father and depicted him as being as large as or larger than the mother. It appears that in this way children express the important role that their fathers continue to play in their lives. The findings reflected a larger degree of family relationship problems in the divorce group. These problems were expressed by the omission of family members and also by the separation of one or more figures from the rest, by hidden or omitted hands and feet, and by figures drawn in profile (Spigelman, G. , Spegelman, A. , Englesson, I. L. (1992). Here in this study we are finding that with divorce comes risk when children are involved. The study shows that divorced families have more issues than families that are together. Although, the children subjects accepted the dad’s when divorced there is always the problem of having the courts favor the mom in which most cases they do and I have personal experience with that. There is also the case of alienating the kids from the father or mother. In either case the divorced families are prone to more issues which are a problem to society. However, other studies have shown that there is not a significant difference in the outcome of children with a broken home or not. This is saying to me that if both parents were friends and were involved in a child’s life the child could still am successful with divorce. Next we have the case of same gender marriage or cohabitation raising children or not. Either way this is a different look for family and society. Today, it is being accepted more and the same gender couples are taken their cases to the Supreme Court to be heard so they can be accepted and viewed as a family just like the traditional marriage of a man and women. This is truly a case of religion belief or non-belief. I can truly state that with my strong religious views and belief in God and the study and acceptance of the â€Å"word† which is found in the bible. I truly believe in marriage to be traditional of a man and a woman. Marriage was created by â€Å"GOD† and who we are as men to change what the most high has done! If one is serious about his belief in God and understands and accepts his word this would not be a discussion. However, for the nonbelievers and just straight disobedient followers this can be agreed upon. I cannot find it in myself to condone what â€Å"GOD† has condemned. This will be a fight for some time. I can say that if the same gender couples want to be together in which they are anyway. They should call their union something other than marriage. Nevertheless many have argues over the fact that kids are going to have psychological problems and even mimic there same gender parents by learning to be gay. All don’t agree. I can speak from experience and say that kids are exposed to parents and they learn what they see and what we teach them. In my experience I have nieces who have children from men and have had bad relationship experiences and somehow manage to be gay or lesbian and the children are experiencing that same fate because it is what they have seen or have been taught. This is not healthy for our kids and is a problem but in our society this new social behavior is accepted. However, I believe this is an extra psychological phenomenon for our children that add unnecessary stress. Children in same sex couples households have expressed â€Å"they are afraid of their friends finding out that the parent’s â€Å"are gay† or â€Å"if they are† can be terrifying. Nevertheless, the same gender families are here in our society and it is accepted and somewhat the norm these days. The next step is to push to the Supreme Court and fight for the same rights as marriage between a man and woman. Another unique aspect of the family is single working women who do not have a boyfriend or husband. Today many women are growing tired of waiting on Mr. Right so they are taking matters on their own and adopting children. Let’s look at the story of Lindsay Gambini 39, manager of a Manhattan performing-arts center, adopted two children, but not without a struggle. First an adoption in the Philippines fell through. She turned to the New York City foster-care system but was turned down because she planned to hire a baby-sitter during working hours. She was offered older children, but thanks to a shortage of foster homes for infants and her own persistence, she prevailed and got two baby boys, now ages 28 months and 15 months (The, A. P. , 1989, May 14). There are more single ladies and men adopting children today due to the significant social changes we have gone through. This practice is global and more acceptable than before. Many adoption agencies frown on single parents due to many studies that reflect negative impact on children in single households. This is why rigorous procedures are in place to place a child in a more favorable and suitable home that will ensure the physical and psychological safety of the child that is being placed with a foster parent. This method has been revamped as more studies have concluded single parents with a lot of family and friend support while the single mother or father is at work will do just as well in society as those with both parents at home. Many couples are deciding to cohabitate than before. Like many of the traditional family norms our society has evolved to the new times where men and women are making decisions to live together and not marry. However, in many cases they decide to have children. This has become a social norm and is on the rise and accepted. Studies have shown that many people that cohabitate have expectations for marriage and are afraid that they can’t meet the expectations of marriage. Although, not married couples that cohabitate share the same values and duties as married couples. They must support each other and the kids and in most cases they live together. Maybe it’s just a psychological mindset that registers as being okay. This type of relationship is nothing less of marriage. Couples that cohabitate is on the rise and the number of married couples are declining. This is another example of how society and the family are changing. Many people who refuse to cohabitate have strong religious ties. In a Christian and many other religions the belief of a man and woman to live together without being married is unfavorable in the eyes of â€Å"God† therefore being a sin. There are also other stigmas to cohabitating couples. One would be a couple who has a child or children living with them and the male is not the legal or birth father. This is said to have complications that are negative on children in the end. Multiple issues face cohabitating couples that are similar to divorced couples. The comparison is almost equal when children are in the equation. This reflects any negative presents in a home with children are unfavorable under all circumstances in families in society. Families today more than ever also encompass new measures of support. The family has changed in society today from many years ago. Families have learned to deal with adversities such as low income and long distance support from one parent. Low income families are almost most of the time to proud to ask for government subsidies that will in some form give them better living conditions for a certain amount of time until the benefits are depleted or until no longer required. When a family does not use the assistance that may be available this will indeed hurt the family in many ways. The children will be affected in several ways such as education and any developmental stage due to worrying about the present living condition such as lack of food or shelter. Other distractions such as a parent being absent due to a distant career. These are all contributing factors that weigh heavily on children that are our future in our society. Unlike before there are many programs put in place to educate on the living through the absence of a parent or a family in crisis to ensure the children is focused and able to learn in school and advance in all areas of development. Recognizing the need for assistance during these challenging times for children are essential and important. Many programs are in place to ensure that all children have a chance at a happy home to promote positive education while attending school. Speaking from experience in the military my co-workers and I have experienced the unhappy home for our children due to us being absent. Many kids act out due to them not being happy because of the absence of a parent. This behavior results in negative behavior and education achievement. Over the years the military has become a lot smarter and with the help of non-profit organizations provide the support to military families in assisting with helping our kids cope with us being absent so that they can be successful in their educational development. In closing the family has changed with society in many ways. The family has been altered from its original intent or original meaning. The family as we use to know it consisted of a man, and woman or husband, wife children and pet. Today our family has been redefined in our society. We have same gender families, cohabitating families, blended families, single home families and more. Fifty years ago women were not working as much or considered in the equation for a successful family. Today that has changed; women and men both are working to make a better life for the family. The woman has increased responsibility although she works her duties as a wife and mother are not different. The husbands are contributing more with chores but nevertheless women are still required to maintain certain standards at home with family. Some women are the sole provider for their families. The new role swapping is very popular these days. It’s not because men choose to not work several reasons such as not being able to find employment, furthering education and health reasons to name a few. This new area in society has been accepted by some and not at all by others. The secular society and the religious institutions are at odds with what the family is and should be. The conflict is simply the believers and nonbelievers. It is a constant battle and struggle. Although most studies are inconclusive or not published at all in regards to the welfare of children and the family. All families seem to struggle today when it comes to raising our children who are the foundation of our families. It depends on whose report you read or who publishes first and receives the most notoriety that gives a strong belief or assessment in how our children should be raised or if they will be a psychological mess due to the environment they share with parents at home. With experience and insight on the situation of the new families in our society is the only true measurement of our children and their development and contributions to society. The families struggle with our new times of the changing family. It is rare that a family sits and eats together due to a conflict in schedules. The time you sit and spend with your family is essential, that is the time the family actually get to speak to one another. Other issues such as poverty and long distance relationships are problematic with families. Especially military, when we are away the family mainly the kids suffer due to the absence of a parent causing significant problems for the family. With the new and improved resources that embrace technology the distant parent can have a real time conversation with families and also upon return education workshops on how to reaclamate to your environment is available. In covering many phases of the family from traditional to nontraditional studies have shown children have been successful either way. As we accept the new variety of families other than non-traditional as we invest in our children it is vital that we remember to make our home a happy one for our kids. In all aspects of the family the values of the family in society has not changed significantly from years ago. Either way it is viewed or made up the end result will be the outcome of our kids in society. References Harper, C. L. Leicht, K. L. (2011). Exploring social change: America and the world (6th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN:   9780205748082 Susan M. Heathfield, (2013). Women and work: Then, now and predicting the future for women in the workplace, about. comguide. Spigelman, G. , Spegelman, A. , Englesson, I. L. (1992). Analysis of family drawings: A comparison between children from divorce and non-divorce families. Journal of Divorce Remarriage, 18(1), 31-31. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/200720010? accountid=3252 Jacobs, S. (2004,Mar 07). Children of same-sex couples tell their stories. Boston Globe, retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/40406592? accountid=32521 The, A. P. (1989, May 14). More single people adopting children. Orange County Register. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/272371838? accountid=32521

HR development and talent management

HR development and talent management Human Resource Management is important to learn because in todays scenario every organization has this HR department. Basically this department work for the employees of the company. They take interviews; give their opinion to the admin department for the employee. In this assignment I try to describe importance of HRM, advantages of HRM, some activities which actively taken by HR person for their employees and company benefits. I also mention why training required in any company. Also how its affect to the companys development, advantages and disadvantages of training, objectives, importance of training and development in organization. TASK-1 INTRODUCTION OF HRM Human Resource Development (HRD) is the framework for helping employees develops their personal and organizational skills, knowledge, and abilities. Human Resource Development includes such opportunities as employee training, employee career development, performance management and development, coaching, mentoring, succession planning, key employee identification, tuition assistance, and organization development. The focus of all aspects of Human Resource Development is on developing the most superior workforce so that the organization and individual employees can accomplish their work goals in service to customers. Human Resource Development can be formal such as in classroom training, a collage course, or organizational planned change efforts. Or, Human Resource Development can be informal as in employee coaching by a manager. Healthy organization believes in Human Resource Development and covers all of these bases. There is a long-standing argument about where HR-related function should be organised into large organization, e.g. should HR be in the Organisation Development department or the other way around? The HRM function and HRD profession have undergone tremendous change over the past 20-30 years. Many years ago, large organisations looked to the Personal Department, mostly to manage the paperwork around hiring and paying people. More recently, organisation consider the HR Department as paying a major role in staffing, training and helping to manage people so that people and the organisation are performing at maximum capability in a highly fulfilling manner. Recently, the phrase talent management is being used to refer the activities to attract, develop and retain employees. Some people and organisations use the phrase to refer especially to talented and/or high-potential employees. The phrase often is used interchangeably with the field of Human Resource Management although as the field of talent management matures, its very likely there will be an increasing number of people who will strongly disagree about the interchange of this field. For now, this Library uses the phrases interchangeably. OBJECTIVES: Societal objective: To be socially responsible to the needs and challenges of society while minimizing the negative impact of such demands upon the organisation. The failure of Organisations to use their resources for societys benefits may result in restrictions. For example, societies may pass laws that limit human resource decision. Organisational objective: To recognize that HRM exists to contribute to organisational effectiveness. HRM is not an end in itself; it is only a means to assist the organisational with its primary objectives. Simply stated, the department exists to serve the rest of the organisation. Functional objective. To maintain the departments contribution at a level appropriate to the organisations needs. Resources are wasted when HRM is more or less sophisticated than the organisation demands. A departments level of service must be appropriate for the organisation it serves. Personal objectives. To assist employees in achieving their personal goals, at least insofar as these goals enhance the individuals contribution to the organisation. Personal objectives of employees must be met if workers are to be maintained, retained and motivated. Otherwise, employee performance and satisfaction may decline, and employees may leave the organisation. IMPORTANTS OF HRM ACTIVITIES. We must understand the importance of HRM in any organization. Here I mention main theories of HRM, how they work in organisation. Performance appraisal is concerned with de determining how well employees are doing their jobs, communicating that information to the employees and establishing a plan for performance important. Training and development activities help employees learn how to perform their jobs, improve their performance and prepare themselves for more senior positions. Career planning and development activities benefit both employees (by identifying employee career goals, possible future job opportunities and personal improvement requirement) and the organisation (by ensuring that qualified employees are available when needed). Employee motivation is vital to the success of any organisation. Highly motivated employees tend to be more productive and have lower rates of absenteeism and turnover. These theories are affecting and work differently in. Here I take Solar industries. In industry there are different department for different work. Each department has their own responsibilities. Each and every employee has duties and they know how to work and when and where they want training for their improvement. Managers also know where are their employees and they motivating them to achieve target and goal. In solar industry Human Resources department is important. This department choose the employees because of their talent, education, and work experience. After selection of employees they send them for training. After joining they have whole data regarding their work, development, how they utilise their knowledge for company benefit. Admin department also look after of all these things. Because they decide employees payroll and what work force they want. IF employee works well they provide financial appraisal. Solar Industries have developed the type of modal in HRM. If company have to change our weakness they want to adopt that type of bullet key. We can see the best example of TATA INDUSTRIES PVT . LTD. They also apply good training, good management, good recruitment. That is very important to the company because they approach the goals and objective TATA INDUSTRIES PVT.LTD Tata Industries is one of the best largest industry to india. Tata to explore the more item to the india Company are adopt HRM MODAL Employee motivation Future Plan Promote employee capability Company Development Employee job structure Company are follow this process for develop HRM in his company. HPWS Model:- This paper focuses on constraints on the effectiveness of high performance work techniques deriving from the traditions of craft-based trade unionism and long-established structures and fundamentally managerialist nature of HPW accounts that assume labours position in the high-performance equation to be simply one of recipient of managerial initiatives. Abstract HPWS are changing the structure and content of work. Jobs are being redesigning to give front line employees the opportunity to make work-related decisions. Front-line workers in HPWS have greater autonomy and control over job tasks and methods of work (Hackman and Oldham 1976, 1980). Without autonomy, discretionary effort would be tightly circumscribed by preset management limits on individual or group activity, and workers would have few opportunities to participate meaningfully in substantive decisions. Communication, autonomy, problem solving, and decision making by front line workers can exist within a variety of organizational settings, but many managers believe that they are enhanced when carried out within groups or teams. Benefits of HPWS HPWS are built on key business process that deliver value to customers, as there processes and customer relationships change, so too should the work system They are flexible, and, therefore more easily adapted When changes occur, it should be guided by the clear understanding of the business needs and exhibit a close vertical fit to strategy. Conclusion Solar Industry are suffering in staff skill and develop at levels of company have to managing human effort, environmental resources, and corporate resources. Company have use the importance of activity in company If company are appointed HR director so he has to be follow all condition which required for solar industry. Company want to apply HRM Strategy HR Strategy is a document to show the employees in HRM and the rest of the organisation the main imperative and key initiatives of Human Resources to be achieved and how they will impact the whole organisation. RECOMMENDATION: Solar Industry are care to the entire factor. Now they applying today company are not going well. As indicate to high labour turnover rates. Recruitment problems. Succession problem, and some doubts about the leadership. So they company solve the problem and correct to the problem. TASK-2 Training and development in solar industry Introduction Training and development is a subsystem of an organisation. It ensures that randomness is reduced and learning or behavioural change takes place in structured format. TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT DEFINED It is concerned with the structure and delivery of acquisition of knowledge to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of organization. It is concerned with improving the existing skills and exploring the potential skills of the individual i.e. upgrading the employees skills and extending their knowledge. Therefore, training is a key to optimizing utilization human intellectual technological and entrepreneurial skills Training and development referred to as: Acquisition and sharpening of employees capabilities that is required to perform various obligation, tasks and functions. Developing the employees capabilities so that they may be able to discover their potential and exploit them to full their own and organisational development purpose. Developing an organisational culture where superior-subordinate relationship, team work, and collaboration among different sub units are strong and contribute to organisational wealth, dynamism and pride to the employees. INTRODUCTION OF TRAINING It is a learning process that involves the acquisition of knowledge, sharpening of skills, concepts, rules, or changing of attitude and behaviours to enhance the performance of employees. TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES The principal objective of training and development division is to make sure the availability of a skilled and willing workforce to an organization. In addition to that, there are four other objectives: Individual objectives Organisational objectives Functional objectives Societal objectives Individual Objectives help employees in achieving their personal goals, which in turn, enhances the individual contribution to an organisation. Organizational Objectives assist the organisation with its primary objective by bringing individual effectiveness. Functional Objectives maintain the departments contribution at a level suitable to the organisations needs. Societal Objectives ensure that an organisational is ethically and socially responsible to the needs and challenges of the society. IMPORTANCE OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT It helps to development human intellect and an overall personality of the employees. Productivity Training and development helps in increasing the productivity of the employees that helps the organisation further to achieve its long-tem goal. Team spirit Training and development helps in inculcating the sense of team work, team spirit, and inter-team collaborations. It helps in inculcating the zeal to learn within the employees. Organisation Culture Training and development helps to develop and improve the organisational health culture and effectiveness. It helps in creating the learning culture within the organisation. Organisation Climate Training and development helps building the positive perception and feeling about the organisation. The employees get these feeling from leaders, subordinates, and peers. Quality Training and development helps in improving upon the quality of work and work-life Healthy work-environment Training and development helps in creating the healthy working environment. It helps to build good employee, relationship so that individual goals align with organisational goal. Health and Safety Training and development helps in improving the health and Safety of the organisation thus preventing obsolescence. Morale Training and development helps in improving the morale of the work force. Image Training and development helps in creating a better corporate image. Profitability Training and development leads to improved profitability and more positive attitude towards profit orientation. Training and development helps in developing leadership skills, motivation, loyalty, better attitude, and other aspects that successful workers and managers usually display. Development of Human Resources Training and development helps to provide an opportunity and broad structure for the development of human resources technical and behavioural skills in an organisation. It also helps the employees in attaining personal growth. Development of skills of employees Training and development helps in increasing the job knowledge and skills of employees at each level. It helps to expand the horizons of human intellect and an overall personality of the employee. ADVANTAGES OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT Increased job satisfaction and morale among employees Increased employee motivation Increased efficiencies in processes, resulting in financial gain Increased capacity to adopt new technologies and methods Increased innovation in strategies and products Reduced employee turnover Enhanced company image, e.g., conducting ethics training Risk management, e.g., training about sexual harassment, diversity training. REPORT FROM HR CONSULTANT TO BOARD OF DIRECTOR SUBJECT RECOMMEDATION TO LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT IN SOLAR INDUSTRY Training and development is one of the best advantage to the process of our company. Company to use the training and development to the best practise to in organisation. They need to be used the progress of company to training and development in solar industry. CONCLUSION: Training and development to need the every company. Because the company staff is using the training to the company. And they also need to the learning development process. Company use the best way for high approach to the future goal and objective. TASK-3 INTRODUCTION Talent Management refers to the process of developing and integrating new workers. Developing and retaining current workers. And attracting highly skilled workers to work for a company. Talent management in this context does not refer to the management of entertainers. The term was coined by David Watkins. The process of attracting and retaining profitable employees, as it its increasingly more competitive between firms and strategic importance, has come to be known as the war for talent REPORT From- HR CONSULTANT To- Board Of directors Subject- Recommendation about Talent management Talent management to need to the our company because Talent is most important to the objective and goals, Talent management is using the our benefits and approaches to the our company. Many Company using this talent management they need to company profit. They using the system view of talent has five elements Need- the business need derived from the business model and competitive issue. Data collection the fundamental data and intelligence critical for good talent decision Planning people/talent planning guided by data analysis. Activities the conversion of plans into integrated sets of activities. Results costs, measures and effectiveness criteria to judge the value and impacts of TM. CONCLUSION: The current discussions about traditional understanding, current application and integration with business strategy are also helping organisations to focus on the talent management issue. It may not possible to simply go out and recruit new people to meet operational needs. Many leading companies have decided to develop their own people, rather than trying to hire fully skilled workers.

Against Censorship :: essays research papers

Censorship Today I would like to talk about censorship. Censorship is the removal of information from the public. Today censorship is a phase of social control. It is becoming more and more common all over the world today. It reaches as far as political power and public opinion. Often censorship is undertaken by governments. Censorship is closely tied in as a concept with freedom of speech and other forms of human expression. The censorship of opinion for the most part was restricted to the control of speech rather than of printing. The censorship of free speech attempted to control the audience. The purpose of this speech is to give information regarding censorship knowledge. Censorship occurs when expressive materials, like books, magazines, films and videos, or works of art, are removed or kept from the public. Censorship also occurs when materials are restricted to particular audiences, based on their age or other characteristics. A few types of censorship are political, religious, and the the censorship of music, but there are many more. Political censorship occurs when the government conceals secrets from their citizens, while religious censorship is when any material of a certain faith is removed. This often involves a dominant religion forcing limitations on less dominant ones. Many musicians protested against censorship in music and pushed for more freedom of expression. Considerable amounts of music has been banned since the 1950's all the way to the present. One example is that many states in the U.S. decided to make it illegal for selling N.W.A.'s â€Å"Straight Outta Compton† album and the fines for catching anyone would go from $10,00 to $100,00 depending on how many minors were involved. When a society has freedom, citizens can collect and distribute any information they want without any restraints. Another example is that in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, it clearly states that â€Å"Everyone has the following fundamental freedoms: the freedom of thought, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication." which means that this material in any form cannot be altered by the government in any way. Also, citizens have the right to access information in all forms of media to be able to watch, read or listen to whatever they want. The concept of freedom involves protecting the

George Washington :: Essays Papers

George Washington The genetic disorder I was told to research was the Sickle Cell Disease. I will explain what mutation causes this disease, the characteristics of it, and what has developed in the area of gene therapy because of it. The Sickle Cell Disease is an inherited disease. The gene for hemogoblin-S (which causes the disease) is the most common inherited blood condition in America; although most people only inherit one copy of the gene for HbS, while the other gene, hemogoblin-A, is normal, and can override HbS, blocking the disease. These people have the HbS trait, but not the disease, therefore leading a normal life. For an offspring to acquire the disease, both parents must have the HbS gene, yet the child only has a 25% chance of having Sickle Cells. You cannot catch the disease, you are born with it and it is present for life. There are many complications and harmful effects as the result of the Sickle Cell Disease. The disease causes hemoglobin in the red blood cells, when it does not receive sufficient oxygen, to form into long, sickle shapes with a sticky, chemical surface. When blood cells are this form, they cannot go through the capillaries, blocking off both blood and oxygen. Fortunately only 20% of all red blood cells become Sickle Cells; t he sickle cells have a shorter life span; and most blood cells go through the capillaries before becoming sickle-shaped. The most painful effect known from Sickle Cell Disease are episodes of pain called Sickle Cell Crisis, where the body is in need of oxygen, either from physical activities or a sickle blood cell blocking blood passages that lead to organs. The first day is the worst, where devastating pain goes to the arm, leg, and back, along with the shortness of breath. The other symptoms of Sickle Cells include: strokes, increased infections, early gallstones, yellow discoloring of eyes and skin, low blood cell counts (anemia), and delayed growth. For the cause of the Sickle Cell Disease, there has been many research going on in the area of gene therapy. Labs around the world are trying to fix the basic genetic defect, by placing the correct amino acid in the hemogoblin before or shortly after birth. This method would result in the cure of the root of the problem. Currently researchers are finding a safe way to perform this method. To try

Benjamin Franklin Essay examples -- essays research papers

Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin was a remarkably talented man. He started his career as a simple printer apprentice, but went far beyond the printers shop. He developed products that were far beyond the time. The Franklin stove for example, for cold winter nights and bifocal lenses for reading. Franklin tracked storm paths to help understand the wicked weather endured by the colonies. His study of electricity made him most famous for he was known around the world as the inventor of the lightning rod. Not only was Ben Franklin helpful in developing ideas for better living, he was also a strong force in developing the new nation of America. Benjamin Franklin's political views showed him to be a man who loved freedom and self-government. His views towards Britain gradually changed from favor to disfavor until he finally became a revolutionist at the age of 70. But more than just his political views help in the formation of the United States. His common sense, his whit, and his ability to negotiate behind the scenes, all lent a hand in the formation of the new country across the sea. Franklin's good humor and gift for compromise often helped prevent bitter disputes which could have stalled the formation of the new government. Interestingly, Ben Franklin, who was a chief participant in the battle for independence, â€Å"had a lot to lose by it.† (Wright 1986, page 204). He had a residence in London and was influential in England. However, his love of liberty and his desire to promote the well being of Pennsylvania pushed him toward independence for the colonies. Franklin had to wrestle with his conscience over his own private affairs. Also, since he was well respected in England, he was "the Establishment man-even if he felt now a deep unease on the basic question: What was the authority of Parliament over the American colonies?" (Wright, page 205). At first Franklin wanted the colonies to be and independent free nation under the caring and protecting umbrella of the British Empire. "He had dream...of a great British Empire, gridding the globe, based upon a commonwealth of free nations, each with its own laws, its own government and freedoms, but bound together by compact with the Crown for mutual benefit, mutual defense, and the propagation of English freedoms." (Schoenbrun 1976, p... ...ive impact favoring the colonist, it became more and more impossible for Britain to give the war its full attention. Britain needed a way out and Franklin played a key role. "Franklin was appointed in 1781 a commissioner to negoiate the peace with Britain." (Ketcham 1994, page 1). Franklin was a very good negotiator as "the North Ministry pushed through Parliament two conciliatory bills that gave the Americans everything that Franklin had demanded in his peace negoiations." (Fleming 1972, page 299). Franklin had common sense, whit, and skills that all helped bring favorable positions to the colonies against Britain. Finally, Benjamin Franklin portrays a man torn between his love of Britain and a desire for liberty for the people of the new world. His greatest hope was for Britain to be the great, caring mother country that protected a young free nation across the sea. He was each country benefiting the other. Of course, this could not happen so he made sure that the best for America would be insured through his efforts to bring France to the aid of the Colonies and to finally bring about a livable peace between Britain and America. Benjamin Franklin Essay examples -- essays research papers Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin was a remarkably talented man. He started his career as a simple printer apprentice, but went far beyond the printers shop. He developed products that were far beyond the time. The Franklin stove for example, for cold winter nights and bifocal lenses for reading. Franklin tracked storm paths to help understand the wicked weather endured by the colonies. His study of electricity made him most famous for he was known around the world as the inventor of the lightning rod. Not only was Ben Franklin helpful in developing ideas for better living, he was also a strong force in developing the new nation of America. Benjamin Franklin's political views showed him to be a man who loved freedom and self-government. His views towards Britain gradually changed from favor to disfavor until he finally became a revolutionist at the age of 70. But more than just his political views help in the formation of the United States. His common sense, his whit, and his ability to negotiate behind the scenes, all lent a hand in the formation of the new country across the sea. Franklin's good humor and gift for compromise often helped prevent bitter disputes which could have stalled the formation of the new government. Interestingly, Ben Franklin, who was a chief participant in the battle for independence, â€Å"had a lot to lose by it.† (Wright 1986, page 204). He had a residence in London and was influential in England. However, his love of liberty and his desire to promote the well being of Pennsylvania pushed him toward independence for the colonies. Franklin had to wrestle with his conscience over his own private affairs. Also, since he was well respected in England, he was "the Establishment man-even if he felt now a deep unease on the basic question: What was the authority of Parliament over the American colonies?" (Wright, page 205). At first Franklin wanted the colonies to be and independent free nation under the caring and protecting umbrella of the British Empire. "He had dream...of a great British Empire, gridding the globe, based upon a commonwealth of free nations, each with its own laws, its own government and freedoms, but bound together by compact with the Crown for mutual benefit, mutual defense, and the propagation of English freedoms." (Schoenbrun 1976, p... ...ive impact favoring the colonist, it became more and more impossible for Britain to give the war its full attention. Britain needed a way out and Franklin played a key role. "Franklin was appointed in 1781 a commissioner to negoiate the peace with Britain." (Ketcham 1994, page 1). Franklin was a very good negotiator as "the North Ministry pushed through Parliament two conciliatory bills that gave the Americans everything that Franklin had demanded in his peace negoiations." (Fleming 1972, page 299). Franklin had common sense, whit, and skills that all helped bring favorable positions to the colonies against Britain. Finally, Benjamin Franklin portrays a man torn between his love of Britain and a desire for liberty for the people of the new world. His greatest hope was for Britain to be the great, caring mother country that protected a young free nation across the sea. He was each country benefiting the other. Of course, this could not happen so he made sure that the best for America would be insured through his efforts to bring France to the aid of the Colonies and to finally bring about a livable peace between Britain and America.

Cola Wars Continue: Coke vs. Pepsi in the 1990s Essay

Question 1 The concentration producing industry has one buyer and through its value chain. Instead, costs for advertising, promotion, market research, and bottler relations were significant. On the other hand, bottling industry is the mid-way player in the soft drink industry. There are two suppliers and one buyer involved in its value chain (Exhibit 1). Whether two industries are profitable depends on soft drink consumption, which had increased for more than 20 years and plateaued in the 1990s. The economics of the CP and bottling is very different from each other in terms of number and size of rivals, and the scope of competitive rivalry. There are two giants competing head to head on the CP industry, smaller national producers, such as Seven-Up and Dr Pepper, are relatively trivial. There are a lot of players of same size in the bottling industry. Unlike the furious competition between Pepsi and Coke, no sense of competition can be felt in bottling industry. Reasons are that, first, Pepsi and Coke control the majority of bottlers in 1990s; second, intrabrand competition is restricted by the franchise agreement, which is protected by ‘Soft Drink Interbrand Competition Act’. From the view of capital requirement, it is easier for others to enter the CP industry than to enter the bottling industry, since comparing to $30-$50 million dollars requirement to establish a bottling plant covering only one 80th of ability to serve the entire US market, the requirement for one CP plant with a nation-wide capacity is only $5-$10 million dollars. In addition, brand loyalty is low in the CP industry since consumers are sensitive to price and there is little switching cost. There are many substitutes for soft drinks, such as tea, beer, and milk. There is no substitutes existing in the bottling industry, and no customer loyalty and switching costs for bottlers since they could only use packages authorized by the franchiser, which means no distributors can tell the difference of the same brand provided by two bottlers, and easily switch among different bottlers. Cost and financial structures of a CP and a bottler illustrate that high cost of sales is one of the major reasons behind the relative low profitability of the bottling industry. The ratio of cost of sales over net sales is 40% higher than that of CP. One possible reason is that bottlers heavily depend on CPs, and thus, CPs use bottlers to diversify expenses. Another reason is that bottlers hold much more inventory than CPs do since bottlers receive soft drink concentrates according to its processing capacity, while they sell products based on selling capability. Also, bottlers have plant and equipment that are ten times more than that of CPs, and a good will that is roughly 45 times more, which means that bottlers have to deduct more depreciation from gross profit than CPs do. One of the reasons why bottlers are backward integrated by CPs is that, as the Cola-war heating up, small bottlers were no longer able to handle CPs’ goals and thus they would not be chosen as Pepsi and Coke’s partners. Most of them were merged or driven out of the market by larger ones adopting the DSD method, which is the only delivery category that provides a positive net profit per unit. Other driving forces for Pepsi and Coke to integrate bottlers are that, by doing this, they can narrow down the number of packagers they deal with, lower costs of negotiation with bottlers, and set up barriers to find buyers for other smaller national CPs. Question 2 Bargaining power of buyers is the weakest competitive force for CPs. On the other hand, the strongest competitive force for the bottling industry is bargaining power of suppliers because of the interactional relationship between the two industries in question. Both of the two industries would like to weak each other’s bargaining power, however, CPs take the initiative in the negotiation. First, it is CPs who build franchise networks. CPs understand how the bottling process works, while the bottlers don’t know how to run a soft drink brand. Second, CPs negotiate with bottlers’ other suppliers to secure reliable supply, faster  delivery, and low price. Also, franchise agreement between CPs and bottlers has been becoming more favorable to CPs. So it is safe to say that bottlers have been affiliated to CPs to a deeper degree than CPs to bottlers. Finally, the bottling industry does not have giants who are able to penetrate into the CP industry. On the other hand, the CP industry has Pepsi and Coke to integrate bottlers. Threat of new entrants is the second weakest force for the CP industry. One of the major reasons is that it is difficult to access a bottler since like Pepsi and Coke are taking control of most of the packagers. Another reason is, although capital required to establish a soft drink concentrate plant with the capacity of serving the entire US market is low, costs for advertising, promotion, market research and bottler relations are a heavy burden and specialized know-how, such as brand management, is a natural barrier to penetrators. However, the fact that customers’ loyalty is becoming weaker makes the force not as weak as bargaining power of buyers. The bargaining power of suppliers to CPs also seems weak in the case since, as the advent of diet soft drinks, the expiration of the patent to aspartame, and oversupply of aluminum on the world market, suppliers to CPs are losing bargaining power. However, there is no detail of suppliers industry given to provide us with confidence to say that it is the weakest force. Threat of substitutes, and competitive rivalry among the incumbents are relatively weak for the CP industry. Comparing to its substitutes, such as beer, milk, and bottled water, soft drink is and will continue to be performing outstandingly (Exhibit 2). Type of competition in the CP industry is duopoly, two giants, Pepsi and Coke are competing with each other head to head. Other CPs are confined to a market share that is lower than 30%. The unsystematic competition makes competitive rivalry less intense when consider the industry as a whole. Threat to new entrants for bottling industry is weak since, unlike the CP industry, bottling industry has a high capital requirement, from $30 to $50  million, to build a plant of five lines with one 85th to one 80th of the national volume. There is even no profit margin for small bottlers because they are not big enough to be engaged in the DSD to make a positive profit. Bargaining power of buyers is the third weakest force for the bottling industry. To bottlers, they receive volumes of concentrates at the level of their processing capacity; while at the other end of value chain, number of cases they can sell depends on bottlers’ marketing capability. To retailers, they don’t have switch costs since Pepsi Cola from bottler ‘A’ is the same as that from bottler ‘B’. However, continual brand availability and maintenance is crucial to CPs, they don’t want to see that too much inventory held by packagers erode relationship with each other. So, CPs have to help bottlers work on marketing and how to deal with retailers. Threat of substitutes, and competitive rivalry among the incumbents are the weakest. First, there are no substitutes for packages. Second, there is no competition among bottlers in that not only is intrabrand competition restricted, but also competition among brands are concerned by CPs since the bottlers are heavily controlled by concentrate suppliers nowadays. Question 3 The reason why the Cola-War does not escalate out of control is that both of Pepsi and Coke understand the importance of keeping its rival alive. Strategically, they are vital to each other’s maintenance. There are three possible results of the Cola-war, monopoly, duopoly, and near prefect competition. All players in this industry are dreaming to be the king of monopoly. However, under current situation, it is difficult to defeat each other without harming themselves for both of Pepsi and Coke. Launching plans and actions aiming at eliminating its competitor will probably result in the third result, near prefect competition, in which the industry would only have players bearing the same size as nowadays Seven-Up and Dr Pepper. Obviously, duopoly is the best and easiest choice for the big two. First, as risk avoiders, they can maintain current size and dominant position in the market, keep small national brands at an inferior level. Second, they can keep business environment nearly unchanged. The duopoly situation has been lasting for more than two decades. It is the one they are familiar to. No matter whoever is driven out of business or both of them lose the dominant position, they have to re-evaluate the industry and re-plan their strategic plan. Third, they can lower the possibility of making mistakes by observing what each other are doing. Based on above reasons, Pepsi and Coke choose not to wage a war that is out of control. Methods Coke and Pepsi adopt to keep the war within ‘bounds’ are focusing on key success factors, following each other’s actions selectively, and realizing gap in international market. There are three KSFs in this industry, brand differentiation, relationship with packagers, and developing new beverages. Focusing on KSFs enable both of Pepsi and Coke stay in the right track leading to higher level competition of duopoly. Following each other’s actions selectively prevents them from distracting to dangerous actions. They both followed closely each other’s actions based on KSFs, such as launching marketing plans, vertical integrating bottlers, and develop new products. They also distinguish bad actions from good ones. For instance, Pepsi gave its employees one-day brake when it received the information that Coke decided to change its Coca-Cola’s formula. Pepsi has admitted that Coke is much stronger on international market. It is very important that it uses ‘guerilla warfare’ in selected international market instead a frontal attack with Coke everywhere, which would entrap Pepsi in the quicksands of international market. Question 4 Over the last century, firms specialized in tobacco, food, and restaurant, such as Philip Morris, Hicks & Haas, Triarc, R.J. Reynolds, and Cadbury Schweppes, tried to penetrate into the soft drink industry through purchasing small national CPs like Dr Pepper, Seven-Up, and Royal Crown Cola, however, few of them survived. Reasons for this fact fell with the faulty strategic planning process. Those who entered but do not end up with success failed to recognize three key success factors in this industry in the beginning, building brand recognition, developing packaging networks, and changing distribution channels. First, Pepsi successfully competed with Coke through adopting brand differentiation. In responding to Pepsi’s attack, Coke spent even more money on advertising, which gained two companies world wide fame, heated up the war between them, and shaped their capacity to remain as top players. However, other CPs did not cash in on the brand differentiation strategy, which can be illustrated by a compare of dollar amount spending on advertising by brand in the US. (Exhibit 3) Second, there was no evidence that small national CPs tried to secure packagers to build their bottling network. Instead, they had to resort to bottlers owned by Pepsi and Coke, while small bottlers do not have the capacity to handle national distribution. Costs for new entrants to maintain bottler relations or organize small bottlers are so high that may eat up gross profit. Finally, as discount retailers such as Wal-Mart and K mart prospered during the 1990s, CPs are facing pressures on lowering their wholesale price. Besides, it seems only Pepsi and Coke were involved in Door-Store Delivery method, CPs that sell products to private label and warehouse would be facing less distributors due to negative net profit/unit.

Alibaba Case Study Essay

1.Lock-in effect is the phenomenon whereby technologies remain dominant as a result of large sunk investment costs, complimentary technologies, and widespread usage. Since Alibaba.com is the first portal market mover in China, it will be difficult to create another portal market which is just as successful as Alibaba.com. The lock-in effect causes people to have preference for Alibaba.com than any other portal market because they have already established their brand. Some customers also develop loyalty while other prefer brands that are familiar to them. It was also mentioned that many of Alibaba.com’s registered members are happy with the results they obtain, as indicated by the annual membership renewal rate, which exceeds 70%. This just further proves that it will be very difficult for a second mover or a new portal market to compete with Alibaba.com since they provide excellent service to their customers. 2.Alibaba.com charges foreign sellers an annual fee of about $400 for a TrustPass membership because he sees that global companies focus in doing business with large companies. In order for global companies to do business with SMB’s in China and all over the world, Alibaba.com created an affordable deal which is the annual fee of $400 for a TrustPass membership. However, SMB’s in China pay $8000 as their annual membership fee because by being members of Alibaba.com, these SMB’ save a handful amount of money; by being registered to Alibaba.com, they no longer need spend extensive money to travel and meet with suppliers. This fee is also charged because Alibaba.com translates and lists their information. In summary, Jack Ma charges SMB’s a higher price because companies like these needs Alibaba.com. However, it is Alibaba.com that needs the foreign companies in order to work with SMB’s that are pursuing to do business internationally.