Adenauers Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Adenauers Foreign Policy - Essay Example n, anticommunist foreign policy for which Davison & Speier (1957) has expressed their opinion in the following words: "To a generation living with the memories of World War II, into which another German chancellor had plunged the world less than twenty years earlier, Adenauer has been the symbol of sobriety and moderation. His firm adherence to the principles underlying Western civilisation is beyond doubt, and his policies bear no trace of Hitler's nihilism and hybrid". (Davison & Speier, 1957, p. 2) And obviously both Adenauer and Brandt acquire this political characteristic that despite being chancellors of their eras, they only concern about ways to unite the broken Germany, not by aggression but by political diplomacy.Adenauer performed a historic role for confronting various challenging issues just after the Second World War. All his foreign policies lead him towards a single solution i.e., a united Europe and that is what he dreamt about throughout his life. Not only dreamt bu t also implemented his visions in the form of practical solution by developing certain policies, that remained successful in uniting both the East and West of the Germany. The best thing about Adenauer's regime was he did not receive resistance from a large communist minority. However, he received several obstructions on the basis of the opposition he received from the German Social Democratic party. Adenauer's Foreign Policy - German Sovereignty Adenauer felt the need to develop his own foreign policy in the late 1940s when he saw the German policies been threatened by France. At this stage he felt a real need to devise a new set of foreign policies but due to the restriction imposed upon him he was unable to do so. The only option he found open was to secure German sovereignty, and this could only be achieved by integrating FRG (Federal Republic of Germany) to Western Europe. Adenauer recovered Germany by effective foreign and domestic policy thereby standardising the German currency rate in 1948. It was in 1950s when Adenauer succeeded in recognising his new state's entry into Western institutions. In this context the first move he made was the acceptance of the partnership of those nations who at times were Germany's greatest opponents. France was at the top of the list. This was the first step towards establishment of a secure foreign policy that defended German sovereignty. Dissolving the Ruhr Authority Adenauer contributed towards gaining rights of the Ruhr's authority and was able to acquire freedom to the FRG thereby alleviating all provisions and statutes against European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). According to Schwarz (1995) "The economy of Western Europe had to be regarded as an interdependent system and could not prosper without the Ruhr. In his view it followed from this that a forced suppression of the German economy was in no-one's interests. Drawing on his experiences stretching back over almost three decades, he maintained that the establishment of a bloc-free Germany would be unwise, too. He pleaded for a reconstruction of the German economy; this meant that the Ruhr should be internationalised and linked closely with the Western European economic system". (Schwarz, 1995, p. 40) So, the foremost achievement of Adenauer was the independence of Ruhr authority, which without him

Accounting System Paper Essay Example for Free

Accounting System Paper Essay Kudler Fine Foods has done a wonderful job with its current accounting system by manually tracking data and not having a uniform system for providing information about that data. Data is the raw and unorganized version of information while information is categorized and decipherable data that correlates to the business. Kudler Fine Foods is making a transition from the less efficient and more labor intensive accounting methods to a technology based accounting system which saves money being that it is more efficient and more robust. The core features, benefits, and cost will be discussed as you continue to read this paper. As mentioned earlier, Kudler Fine Foods is making a transition to a computerized accounting system which will have the ability to communicate with all branches of the business. Kudler Fine foods will utilize an accounting system which is integral part of the Enterprise resource planning software that is being deployed in the Kudler Fine Foods environment. The ERP software will be able to capture real time data directly from the point of sale (cash registers) and automatically adjust inventory and profit data. See more:Â  Social Satire in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay The accounting software will also use a compliance management feature will provide complete transaction audit trails and rules-based controls and advanced reporting capabilities which are compliant with laws and regulations. More benefits are advanced financial forecasting the can accurately predict and estimate potential profits and pending losses, revenue and cash flow. This gives Kudler Fine Foods the ability to analyze past trends to help make better business decisions in the future. In addition, the accounting software will give Kudler Fine Foods the ability to deep dive into the cash management aspect of their business by more accurately assessing current and future cash needs and track all transactions that directly impact available cash levels. In an ERP environment, Kudler Fine Foods will adopt a client/server system. The Client/Server technology model is the model in which today’s softwares are developed. A Client/Server model is one in which the client computer is identified separately from the server computer. This will require servers with Windows serve 2008 and networking equipment which will allow all workstations to communicate to application servers, shared data drives and communicate with the outside world. With the added benefits of an ERP system in the Kudler Fine Food environment, comes an added expense of support of the system. Currently, Kudler Fine Foods can anticipate an expense of twenty-five thousand dollars with a potential ceiling of two hundred fifty thousand dollars. References Top 10 ERP. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.top10erp.org/sap-erp-software-comparison-technology-140 Technology required for Erp. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.vkinfotek.com/erp/erp-technologies.html

The Unknown Dangers of Cell Phones :: Health Communication Papers

The Unknown Dangers of Cell Phones When I was sixteen years old, I wanted a cell phone more than anything. Not only did all my friends have them, but my parents did not allow me to talk to my boyfriend Jimmy. So I thought having a cell phone would be the instant solution to all my problems. Not only would I be able to talk to Jimmy whenever I wanted but having a cell phone would give me so much more independence. Not to mention the fact that they were extremely glamorous and simply the thing to have. Unfortunately, you have to be eighteen to set up a plan with any cell phone company, and my parents wouldn't even consider the idea, so all my begging and hoping came to nothing. The situation originally infuriated me, but after researching the risk of cell phones, I have begun to think that not getting a cell phone was one of the best things that ever happened to me. Sixty years ago, sixteen year olds and adults alike were unaware of the dangers of smoking. People were caught up in the glamour that was projected in cigarette commercials. Millions of people took up smoking without having any idea of the risks they were running. It wasn’t until 1948 that Ernst Wynder published the first study linking lung cancer to cigarettes ( Wynder). Even though the connection between cigarettes and cancer has been proven again and again, forty-eight million Americans still smoke ( Cancer.gov ). A similar situation is taking place with cell phones. Though people have been using cell phones for many years, only recently has there been concern about the possibility of a connection in the rising number of cell phone users and the increasing incidences of brain cancer. Cell phones have been gaining popularity throughout the nineties. There are now over ten million cell phone users in America alone, and it is estimated that in 2005 there will be over 1.26 billion cell phone users worldwide ( Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association ). Many chemicals in our environment have long been known as cancer causing agents. These chemicals include radiation , asbestos, BPDE, and tamoxifen.(Cancer.gov). But none of these chemicals were recognized as carcinogens until several people contracted cancer of some type by being exposed to them. Cell phones have been proven to admit a certain type of radiation about which the effects are unknown.

Marriage and the family

Throughout the course of time, family dynamics and components have evolved along with society. In recent history the contemporary family has evolved into more of a dual earner family, leaving the traditional division of responsibilities ever changing and progressing. In todays society it has become more common to see women taking on the traditional responsibilities of men both financially and around the home and men doing their part to assist with more household activities and child care.To fully understand the changes that have taken place over time it is important to look at here we have come from. Customarily, in the past family roles between and husband and wife were black and white. Men would traditionally work the nine to five every day, support the family financially, and take care of household maintenance. This would often cause less time for things like engagement with children and helping with their overall development. While Men had their hands full outside the home, women spent most of their time in the home taking care of housework and rearing children.As a society we have come a long way from what used to be considered a contemporary family. Today, a contemporary family no onger consists of one employed provider but a dual earning couple. This is due to women becoming more independent, career oriented, and educated. Another factor that plays into the evolution of the dual earner family is the state of the economy, cost of living, and childcare expenses. It is almost essential for families to have duel earners in order to make ends meet. Today, women can be Just as an important piece of the financial puzzle as their counterparts.Now that we have established the new normal, it is important to look at the division of the families responsibilities. In dual arning families, men have been doing more than they ever have and have come a long way. Men are now more actively participating in things like housework, cooking, and lawn care but the statistics st ill may surprise most. â€Å"According to the data from The American Time use Survey, 83% of women as compared to 64% of men reported spending time in such activities. † In addition, â€Å"married men reported spending 1. hours on household activities compared to 2. 5 hours reported by married women. † (The marriage and family experience eleventh edition) It is obvious that men are still doing less than women in the home on average.But Men have come a ong way from where they were in eras such as the 50's and 60's where they assisted in almost no household work. It is established that men are doing a better Job as society progresses. â€Å"Men's share of housework has increased over the past three decades (from 15% to more than 30%) as has their actual time spent doing housework. (The marriage and family experience eleventh edition) It is now common to see men cooking, cleaning, and child rearing as a result of both individuals being an equal contributor both financial ly and to the family. In shift work arrangements a man's role may be increased depending on what shift he is working. If a man is working a night shift, he would most likely be responsible for things like getting children ready for school, cooking breakfast, and driving to school as he would be returning from work when they are waking up.Obviously it is not Just the men who mentioned before, women are still doing more than men statistically when it comes to domestic chores. Women are often now earning larger wages, working more hours, and have more responsibilities than men both in their careers and in their families. Being domesticated is nothing new as far as women leading the way in the home. As ime passes it is hard to determine whether or not things will ever be equal.With the evolution of the dual earning arrangement, families are now forced to alter their traditional responsibilities to make the household run as a unit. Over the past few decades we have seen an exceptional in crease in the man's responsibilities around the home and have seen a shift in the traditional division of responsibilities. As the cost of living continues to rise and salaries continue to fall, it is not likely to see a shift in the other direction anytime soon. It truly is amazing to see how we have broken the mold in such a short period of time

Show the importance of four women to Jane Eyre’s development

The four people who played a significant part in Jane Eyre's early life whilst also influencing the development of her character, were Mrs. Reed, Bessie, Miss Temple and Helen Burns. All four of these women had strong beliefs about how women should behave, in addition to possessing a deep rooted passion for their own religious beliefs. This essay will discuss how each of these women shaped the person that Jane Eyre became. Initially, I will be looking at Mrs Reed who is Jane's aunt through marriage and discussing how significant she was to Jane's early life. Mrs. Reed had responsibility for Jane, as sole carer, a role that neither Jane nor Mrs. Reed were happy with. Their relationship was one of hatred and general dislike on both parts. Indeed, Mrs. Reed so disliked Jane, even from a young age that she treated her worse than one of the servants of the house. It was not that she did not like children, as she had several of her own to whom she showed great love and affection. However, so acute was the resentment that she held for Jane that she frequently separated her from the activities planned for her own children, declaring that they were; â€Å"intended only for contented, happy little children†. Unfortunately, exclusion such as this only succeeded in embittering Jane and causing a larger rift between herself and her aunt. Additionally, these actions also succeeded in Jane developing a general dislike for her cousins, in particular Master John Reed, who behaved as equally disgracefully towards Jane, following the example laid down by his mother. He treated her like a â€Å"rat† whose actual existence was insignificant. Infact, the relationship between the two deteriorated to such a degree that it resulted in a physical argument which ended up with Jane being imprisoned in the Red Room. Although the intention had been to punish Jane, the Red Room actually assisted Jane in becoming a stronger person, which in turn resulted in Mrs. Reed becoming fearful of her unwanted niece. Jane had time to reflect and realise the weapons that would most offend her aunt, that is, to turn her aunt's religious convictions back upon herself, as can be seen when she relates in the mind of the mature Jane. â€Å"But I ought to forgive you, for you knew not what you did: While rending my heart-strings, you thought you were only uprooting my bad propensities†. Not only does she blasphemously incorporate the dying words of Christ upon the cross in her speech, but she also professes forgiveness, which follows the word of the Lord. Mrs. Reed had expected bitterness, hatred and spite as a response to her punishment, but instead is faced with an apparent religious conviction, which undermines her actions and leaves her nervous as to future responses. Jane had grown strong through her abuse and would in future enjoy the opportunity to un-nerve her tormentors. This speech is a prelude to the personality of the ‘new Jane' that is to come. Another example of this change is witnessed by Mrs. Reed after attempting to ruin Jane's prospects of attending Lowood School when she provided ill-intended advice to Mr. Brocklehurst. However, on this occasion Jane does not use faith to un-nerve Mrs. Reed but explodes with the rage of a ten year old when she says; I dislike you the worst of anybody in the world except John Reed†, and then continues in her tirade with, â€Å"I am glad you are no relation of mine. I will never call you aunt again as long as I live, I will never come to see you when I am grown up; and if anyone asks me how I liked you,†¦ I will say the very thought of you makes me sick†. This speech leaves its recipient wanting rid of its orator more than ever and hence Jane succeeds in her plan to be rid of her aunt and her wretched cousins, as she leaves to attend the school Mr Lloyd had suggested she attended after the Red room incident. However, she again leaves the aunt feeling un-nerved as the rest of her angry outburst had told of how her uncle would seek revenge on the wicked aunt for her poor treatment of his niece. Although it can be clearly seen that the two never liked each other, it is apparent that Jane learnt a lot from her aunt, including what is expected of a young lady, how people should be treated in order to prosper in life and she learnt about the church and religion. This brings us to the next significant influence in Jane Eyre's life. Bessie was a servant at Mrs. Reed's house in Gateshead Hall and was the first person who showed Jane real love and friendship. She was prone to giving Jane treats and creating songs about her, such as; â€Å"Poor Miss Jane is to be pitied†. On the night that Jane was locked in the Red Room having her â€Å"species fit†, it was Bessie who was at her side, making sure that the young girl was alright and ensuring that she had something â€Å"to drink, or eat†, taking care of her needs. For Bessie was of the opinion that Mrs Reed was far too hard on the young girl and thus had great sympathy for Miss Eyre. This can be seen when Bessie helps to prepare Jane for her departure to attend school at Lowood. Bessie has tea with the young Miss. Eyre in the absence of Mrs. Reed and the children, grabbing the opportunity to tell Jane that she was fonder of her â€Å"than all the others†. Despite that fact that Bessie was only a servant, she teaches Jane to become a strong woman who should not settle for anything less than honesty and commitment. It is also through Bessie's eyes that Jane sees the purer side of God's love, as Bessie was also a strong Christian who tried to let Jane see that she lived her life according to his word, which is what brought her inner peace. The third person who played a significant role in Jane Eyre's life was her teacher at Lowood School, Miss. Temple, who was superintendent in charge of Jane's daily life at school. However, unlike Mrs. Reed, Jane admired this woman with â€Å"the sense of admiring awe†, as it was Miss. Temple who had cleared Jane's blackened name. After Mrs. Reed had spoken to Mr. Brocklehurst about what a bad child Jane was, and how she resembled the devil in her actions, he had taken this information and publicly humiliated Jane with it. However, Miss. Temple managed to re-address this malicious rumour and rest ore Jane's good name, whilst also helping Jane to see that she no-longer had to be the outsider, as the other girls at the school were happy to be her friends. In short, Miss. Temple, with her healthy, truthful smile, offers Jane opportunities in life, something that had previously been denied to her. She showed Jane care, from the young girls first day at Lowood, trying to make her feel comfortable and included. She also recognised a child in need of love and thus showed her some affection, giving hugs, something only one other person had done for Jane before. Hence, Jane felt indebted to Miss. Temple and declares; â€Å"To her instruction I owed the best part of my acquirement†. So strong an influence was this person on Jane's life that when Miss. Temple left the school and got married, Jane felt that Lowood was no-longer a home. Arguably therefore, she too, like the other significant factors in Jane's life, had an impact on the woman that Jane became. Miss. Temple also held deep religious convictions and as Jane's teacher, influenced Jane to live her life as a young religious woman who obeyed the word of the Lord. Nevertheless, of all the religious influences in Jane Eyre's early life, perhaps the most influential of all was her one and only true young friend, Helen Burns. Her love of Helen is evident in the following speech; nor ever ceased to cherish for her a sentiment of attachment as strong, tender and respectful as any that ever animated my heart†. The two girls' first meeting illustrates an instant connection, as Helen was reading a book, and Jane was a keen reader, who loved nothing more than to be lost in stories, which were a means to escape her dreadful reality with Mrs. Reed and her cousins. Helen is an intelligent, knowledgeable and dutiful young lady, which leads to the two girls sharing many an opposing discussion about forbearance and religious beliefs. One such discussion centres on love and Jane's desire for it; â€Å"If others don't love me, I would rather die than live – I cannot bare to be solitary and hated†. However, Helen conveys that for her, the love of the Lord is the greatest love of all and in knowing that he is watching over her, it is enough for her to be happy and confident in who she is. For as she states, this love is more meaningful than that temporary love of â€Å"human beings†, as it lasts forever. Indeed, many of their conversations ultimately referred back to God in some way or another, no-matter from where the discussion had originated. Jane rarely argued with Helen's religious convictions as she was in fact in complete awe of her; â€Å"I was struck with wonder†. Even when discussing death, Helen had â€Å"an impression of woe†. Helen's deeply rooted religious beliefs made her unafraid of the inevitable, as she knew that the end of this life on earth was not the end of the story. Helen firmly believed in an eternal afterlife in Heaven which was difficult for Jane to understand and come to terms with. Jane knew that when her friend died, she would mourn her loss as she loved her so much, but she knew that Helen would not have wanted this, as it was against God's will. Nonetheless, the conflict within religion, supplied by the major influences in Jane's early life, shaped the woman who she became. The vengeful and fearful ‘Almighty', espoused by Mrs. Reed, was to be rejected but the more caring, loving and forgiving God that was evident in Bessie, Miss. Temple and Helen certainly played a part in a blossoming Jane Eyre, who grew to be a bright, outspoken, and bold woman. Although not filled with religious conviction herself, Jane admitted to the significant influence that these women who did believe, had played in shaping who she had grown to be in adulthood.

A Summary of Geomorphology and Its Processes

A Summary of Geomorphology and Its Processes Geomorphology is defined as the science of landforms with an emphasis on their origin, evolution, form, and distribution across the physical landscape. An understanding of geomorphology and its processes is therefore essential to the understanding of physical geography. History of Geomorphology Although the study of geomorphology has been around since ancient times, the first official geomorphologic model was proposed between 1884 and 1899 by the American geographer, William Morris Davis. His geomorphic cycle model was inspired by theories of uniformitarianism and attempted to theorize the development of various landform features. Daviss geomorphic cycle model says that a landscape undergoes a preliminary uplift that is paired with erosion (the removal or wearing down) of materials in that uplifted landscape. Within the same landscape, precipitation causes streams to flow more rapidly. As they grow their power then cuts into the grounds surface both at the start of the stream and lower down the stream. This creates the stream channels present in many landscapes. This model also says that the slope angle of the land is gradually reduced and the ridges and divides present in certain landscapes become rounded over time because of erosion. The cause of this erosion is not however limited to water as in the stream example. Finally, according to Daviss model, over time such erosion occurs in cycles and a landscape eventually morphs into an old erosional surface. Daviss theory was important in launching the field of geomorphology and was innovative at its time as it was a new attempt to explain physical landform features. Today, however, it is not usually used as a model because the processes he described are not so systematic in the real world and it failed to take into account the processes being observed in later geomorphic studies. Since Daviss model, several alternative attempts have been made to explain landform processes. Walther Penck, an Austrian geographer, developed a model in the 1920s for example, that looked at ratios of uplift and erosion. It did not take hold though because it could not explain all landform features. Geomorphologic Processes Today, the study of geomorphology is broken down into the study of various geomorphologic processes. Most of these processes are considered to be interconnected and are easily observed and measured with modern technology. In addition, the individual processes are considered to be either erosional, depositional, or both. An erosional process involves the wearing down of the earth’s surface by wind, water, and/or ice. A depositional process is the laying down of material that has been eroded by wind, water, and/or ice. The geomorphologic processes are as follows: Fluvial Fluvial geomorphologic processes are those related to rivers and streams. The flowing water found here is important in shaping the landscape in two ways. First, the power of the water moving across a landscape cuts and erodes its channel. As it does this, the river shapes its landscape by growing in size, meandering across the landscape, and sometimes merging with other rivers forming a network of braided rivers. The paths rivers take depend on the topology of the area and the underlying geology or rock structure found where its moving. In addition, as the river carves its landscape it carries the sediment it erodes as it flows. This gives it more power to erode as there is more friction in the moving water, but it also deposits this material when it floods or flows out of mountains onto an open plain in the case of an alluvial fan (image). Mass Movement The mass movement process, also sometimes called mass wasting, occurs when soil and rock moves down a slope under the force of gravity. The movement of the material is called creeping, slides, flows, topples, and falls. Each of these is dependent on the speed of movement and composition of the material moving. This process is both erosional and depositional. Glacial Glaciers are one of the most significant agents of landscape change simply because of their sheer size and power as they move across an area. They are erosional forces because their ice carves the ground beneath them and on the sides in the case of a valley glacier which results in a U-shaped valley. Glaciers are also depositional because their movement pushes rocks and other debris into new areas. The sediment created by the grinding down of rocks by glaciers is called glacial rock flour. As glaciers melt, they also drop their debris creating features like eskers and moraines. Weathering Weathering is an erosional process that involves the chemical break down of rock (such as limestone) and the mechanical wearing down of rock by a plant’s roots growing and pushing through it, ice expanding in its cracks, and abrasion from sediment pushed by wind and water. Weathering can, for example, result in rock falls and eroded rock like those found in Arches National Park, Utah. Geomorphology and Geography One of the most popular divisions of geography is physical geography. By studying geomorphology and its processes, one can gain significant insight into the formation of the various structures found in landscapes worldwide, which can then be used as a background for studying the many aspects of physical geography.

Dominican Immigrants in America Essay Sample

Dominican Immigrants in America Essay Sample Dominican Immigrants in the U.S. Essay Sample Dominican Immigrants in the U.S. Essay Sample The Dominican Republic is an agro-industrial country with the rapidly growing economy. In terms of economic growth, the country occupies one of the first places in Latin America. Tourism is a leading source of foreign exchange earnings. The spheres of telecommunications, free trade zone and manufacturing are the most important sectors, although agriculture still occupies a large part of the country’s economy. After a decade of almost zero growth in the 80s, there is a boom of the Dominican economy with the growth of economic indicators by 7.7% per year on average. Despite the fact that the gross domestic product has tripled in the last decade, 70% of the population suffers from poverty and unemployment (Phillips and Gritzne 70). However, the government, along with foreign aid, seeks to improve the economic situation of the country. Economy of the Country The Dominican Republic was discovered in 1493 by Christopher Columbus. Nowadays, the country is a native land to a great number of indigenous peoples. The Dominican Republic has a population of about 10 million people. They are people from Asia, Africa, Syria, and Europe. The biggest cities are Santiago de los Caballeros and Santo Domingo. There are about 50% of young people under the age of 20 years. The average life expectancy is about 74 years (Jaramillo and Sancak 8). The Dominican Republic is a country with a flourishing economy. Economic growth is the highest in Latin America. â€Å"The rapid recovery of the Dominican Republic’s economy contrasts with other countries in the Caribbean and Central America, which are experiencing much less growth† (International Monetary Fund 17). The economic development in the Dominican Republic was largely associated with the adoption of sane macroeconomic policies and larger openness to foreign investments. â€Å"The Dominican Republic had favorable growth trends between 1960 and 2000, largely fueled by productivity gains and capital accumulation† (Jaramillo and Sancak 10). The growth turned negative in 2003 (-0.4%) due to the effects of major bank fraud and lower demand in the United States for products of Dominican producers. The administration of President Mejia was unable to stop the decline of economic indicators. In January 2005, under the new president Leonel Fernandez, the country received the recommendations of the International Monetary Fund in the field of tax legislation. In 2003-2004, Dominican peso fell to historically low levels in the currency markets. Nevertheless, it significantly strengthened after the election of President Leonel Fernandez. The inflation rate fell to 9% per year. Fernandez’ administration efforts led to the improvement of the economic situation. Nevertheless, it happened not in all sectors. The objectives of reforms in the energy sector and the financial markets were not achieved. Statistical data of the Central Bank show 10.8% growth in 2006 with 5.0% inflation. The Central Bank considers that the economy grew by 7.9% in the first six months of 2007 with an inflation rate of 5.9% (Phillips and Gritzne 71-72). â€Å"In 2008, the country’s GDP was estimated to have been about $ 77 billion† (Phillips and Gritzne 71). In 2013, the volume of GDP was $ 61.16 billion. The growth rate in 2013 was 4.6%. The country’s share in the world economy is 0.07%. The unemployment rate is 17%. In 2014, inflation reached 3% (The Dominican Republic). The Dominican Republic has a great external debt. A significant amount of public debt restrains the growth of economic well-being of the country. The balance of trade is at the level of the deficit. The United States is the most important trading partner of the Dominican Republic. Japan, Western Europe, and Canada are also foreign trade partners of the country (The Dominican Republic). The Dominican Republic, like any other country, faces a number of problems. Unemployment is one of them. In the Dominican Republic, about 17% of the population is unemployed. This number exceeds the world average index. Nevertheless, it is still not extremely high. In the long term, this problem can be solved. However, the main and most difficult problem is poverty. The share of the poor population is about 30%. To solve the problem of poverty, the government actively cooperates with the World Bank. For example, on July 6, 1999, the World Bank provided a loan for the next three years in the amount of $ 360 million to fight against poverty. Strategies have been developed, according to which the World Bank will support the economic and social development of the country. These strategies have been focused on investing in the health and education sectors, as well as on the reform of telecommunications, sanitary support, and other institutions. These reforms are aimed at establishing a cl ear policy, more effective management and delivery of services. The World Bank approved the project at $ 42 million aimed at providing educational opportunities to children from low-income families. The Dominican Republic also receives credits from the IMF to struggle with the global financial crisis. IMF recommends the Dominican Republic to widen the tax base and diminish tax exemptions (International Monetary Fund 21). The Dominican Republic has a hard condition of education. â€Å"The provision of a quality public education is one of the Dominican Republic’s most fundamental challenges† (IBP 86). In 2010, the Dominican Republic, and the Inter-American Development Bank signed several arrangements on financial encouragement for educational drafts in the country. The amount of funds amounted to $ 150 million. According to the first arrangement, a credit of $ 100 million was intended for the development of the productivity of the school timetable and classes at schools, as well as the development of the digestibility of the material. Under the second agreement, a loan of $ 50 million was aimed at supporting the plan for the improvement of education in the Dominican Republic for the next decade. According to the plan, it is necessary to improve the results of students in mathematics, writing, and reading. The funds were also used to purchase new equipment and materials for schools (IBP 86 ). The health system of the Dominican Republic is greatly developed. In accordance with the agreement on the integration with the United States, new and modern equipment for operations and diagnostics was brought to the Dominican Republic. Many doctors are trained in different countries. In addition to public hospitals, private clinics are also widely developed (Boslaugh 135). A system of insurance is widespread. â€Å"The Dominican Republic has a universal medical benefits system and a social insurance system proving cash benefits to the employed and pensioners† (Boslaugh 135). In many cases, it covers 100% of the cost of medicines. The traditional branches of industry are food (sugar production), mining and processing of metals and metal-containing raw materials (gold, bauxite, and iron-ore), and cement production. â€Å"The country was once known primarily for sugar production, but today, mining, manufacturing, services, and tourism are some of the most important industries† (Phillips and Gritzne 71). Tourism is the most important source of foreign exchange earnings. At present, tourism is one of the most significant sources of income of the Dominican Republic. Annually, more than 3 million tourists visit the country. Free Trade Zones Free trade zones began to appear in the second half of the last century as an alternative to the fading sugar industry. The drop in demand for sugar together with an increase in oil prices in this period led to a critical situation in the economy of the Dominican Republic. Free trade zones have been established by the government for the development of economic potential and promotion of the inflow of foreign investment. Currently, free trade zones provide a very substantial profit. Textiles, clothing, and small electronic products are exported. Companies are exempt from the state taxes and customs duties on raw materials and finished products. In 2006, over 350 thousand people were occupied on the enterprises of the free trade zones. The enterprises, which are mainly textile and garment factories, provide 80% of the national trade imports (Pinon, Mejia, Garza and Delgado 118-119). Agriculture of the Dominican Republic Agriculture in the Dominican Republic provides almost half of the national income and a large amount of export earnings (Foley and Jermyn 38). The main agricultural products of the Dominican Republic are sugarcane, coffee, cotton, cocoa, tobacco, corn, tropical fruit, and others. â€Å"The Dominican Republic raises enough livestock for domestic use as well as export† (Foley and Jermyn 43). Livestock is cows, pigs, goat, horses, donkeys, and others. In the north of the Dominican Republic, there are plantations of cocoa, which has gradually become an important export item. In the area of Santiago tobacco is grown. It is also exported. The tobacco and food industries account for about 75% of the value of manufactured goods. The most developed industry is the production of sugar. On the state-owned 12 sugar factories, 70% sugar is made. Sugar was the main source of income of the Dominican Republic. However, after the negative changes in the sugar market, the government decided to promote other crops suitable for export – coffee, cocoa, tobacco, and tropical fruit. More than 40% of the area of the Dominican Republic is set aside for agricultural use and pastures. With the improvement of breeds of cattle, the country has become a supplier of meat to neighboring islands. About half of the agricultural land belongs to the group of large landowners and the government (Foley and Jermyn 41-42). After a decade of almost zero growth in the 80s, there is the boom of the Dominican economy, with the growth of economic indicators by 7.7% per year on average. Nowadays, tourism is the basis of the economy. The export of sugar, coffee, and tobacco is also of great importance. The economic growth of the Dominican Republic is one of the highest in Latin America. Nevertheless, the country still faces numerous problems. Despite the developed industries, poverty and unemployment are not rare in the Dominican Republic. The share of the poor population includes about 30%. Dominican Immigrants in the United States In the article, R.S. Oropesa and L.Jensen raised the prominent topic of immigration and discrimination of Dominicans in the United States, putting a spotlight of the research on the new destinations, assimilation and incorporation processes. The main thesis of the article authors present is that the observed diversification of immigrant destinations in the United States brings new experiences of interpersonal and institutional discrimination, which are determined by racial markers, forms of capital and incorporation, along with exposures to the United States. The Dominican immigrants seem to be a bright example of the minority that recently have been changing the place of residence on the territory of the USA. In their desperate attempt to start a new prosperous life, displeased Dominicans leave their long-suffering homeland and noisy oversaturated with immigrants New York, making Reading, Pennsylvania the most growing city in the number of Dominicans in the whole country (p.277). Based on the official statistics authors claim that the Hispanic group takes 37 percent of all the population of Reading, diversified in three main subgroups: Puerto Ricans, Mexicans and Dominicans. When taking a quick glance on the comparison of social and economic conditions of three main Hispanic groups in the city, it becomes clear that Dominicans are the most disadvantaged group, which suffers a lot more than other Hispanics from poverty and unemployment (p.276). Dominican Immigrants and Discrimination Apart from the evident low socioeconomic status, the authors investigate the discrimination the Dominicans face. As a result, the significant majority of the Dominican immigrants appears to be treated unjustly because of their race and ethnicity, which is a result of the unreceptive attitude of the local people and institutions in the place of immigration (p.280). Furthermore, different types of discrimination influence the intensification of the assimilation processes of Dominicans. In order to support the thesis, authors signify that discrimination is especially relevant to Dominicans since they are â€Å"Spanish speakers with phenotypical characteristics that are associated with African ancestry† (p. 277, 281). Authors claim that being appraised as blacks because of the skin color, Dominicans get associated with the underclass, and, as a result, face problems on the different levels of social life. The recent reports claim that the discrimination on the racial and ethnic ba sis is a major problem Dominicans face in the American host society (p.280-281). In fact, it is hard to dispute the numbers indicating the unpleasant experiences Dominican share on being discriminated both on the interpersonal and institutional levels. The authors provide a new information indicating that 42 percent of the respondents claim to be treated unfairly by institutions and their representatives such as employers, the police, and educators (p.288). Additionally the overwhelming majority (78 percent) of respondents indicate that the roots of an unfair treatment are connected with race or ethnicity (p.291). In addition to racial markers, the endowments that immigrants possess play a significant role in the discrimination issue. Education, finances, and cultural resources also determine the levels of adjustment of immigrants to the host society (p.280). The possession of the named resources makes easier for immigrants to launch into the middle class of the host society, which increases self-esteem and gives less precedents to feel discriminated. However, most of the immigrants are left beyond the measurement of middle class and, therefore, continue to face more frequent hiring rejections, unequal residential outcomes, unjustified criminal sentencing than white people. Consequently, the Dominican immigrants cannot fully integrate with the host society. Even though the low English language proficiency, insufficiency of proper education and skills restrain the assimilation process, authors state that realization of discrimination and its negative connotations becomes evident with â€Å"age and different types of human capital such as English language ability† (p.281-282). Thus, authors gradually provide an understanding of what discrimination of immigrants in the modern society means. In this research, scholars used both primary and secondary sources. The information of the primary source was unpublished but directly connected to the article, while the secondary sources include the published and widely known information on the topic. Altogether, these sources work as a basis to ensure the reliability of the main points, which support the thesis of the research. Studying the background of the topic, authors get the knowledge from an impressive amount of books, journals, and reports that shed light on the understanding of the main notions of immigration, discrimination, and theories of immigrant assimilation. In order to deeper understand the subject, they go back to the historical background of immigrants in the United States found in the publications and scholar researches as well as books of known authors. For example, claiming the diversification of immigrant destinations in the United States, they refer to the works of Massey and Capoferro , Singer , and others. When presenting the socioeconomic disadvantages faced by Dominican nation as a whole they refer to the National Research Council and works of Portes and Rumbaut . Alba and Nee research gave a scholar insight on how institutional environment and human capital may cause the discrimination of immigrants. Finally, the best source for approaching the experiences and beliefs of Dominic ans is the National Survey of Latinos , which was conducted in 2002 and is one of the core sources authors refer to. The letter one, in the fact, is an example of primary source, which once brought new data and knowledge to the researched field. In order to find new issues, scholars compared the national survey of 2002 and the new one, which conducted themselves. The undeniable evidence of the bold discrimination of Dominicans authors represented through the collection of the reports of the occurrences of discrimination by the institutions or on the interpersonal level in the city of Reading. They utilized an ethnosurvey conducted in 2004 with 61 residents of Reading, Pennsylvania, who were born in the Dominican Republic. They modeled a survey according to the previously conducted templates. Scholars had a goal to determine how immigrants frame their experiences in terms of discrimination and what could be the reasons of unfair treatment. Thus, using the knowledge they received from the secondary sources, they made a survey, which brought a highly valued input into the field of study. Furthermore, with a help of carefully selected analytical techniques, the scholars were able to make calculations, build tables, and make relevant conclusions. In my opinion, this article presents a highly valuable research on the conditions of the life of Hispanic groups in the United States, and makes it possible to understand what discrimination is in the modern society. Even though a black-white racial paradigm in American society has its powerful significance, many people are ready to believe that being the most democratic state the USA has already phased the racial violence out. In the desperate attempt to reach the coveted prosperity, wealth, and worthy conditions of living thousands of people worldwide resettle to the United States, especially from such poor countries as The Dominican Republic. However, the immigrants often face the discrimination from the host society. From the empirical point of view, the article is an enlightening revelation of the perspective of the Dominican immigrants that connect their hardships of the living situation to the fact that they are often associated with African Americans. Despite the fact that ar ticle does not give precise answers to the disturbing questions of whether immigrants really are subjects to discrimination and to which extent, we still have an opportunity to get remarkable insights. For instance, we have a chance to look at the American society in a Reading microcosm from the immigrants’ perspective and be more aware of how some of them still face unfair treatment on the institutional and interpersonal levels. Furthermore, exciting is the fact that English language proficiency has a different effect on Dominicans socioeconomic well-being. It is opposite to what people used to think. It would seem correct to think that poor English language skills create barriers for the immigrants and force them to feel as underclass, while the only barrier is not being aware of the discrimination of the host society. It is curious about the real reasons influencing the assimilation of Dominicans in the area. Authors concluded that assimilation is tightly connected with integration processes and perceptions of discrimination, which could be further investigated. Psychological part manifested in the immigrants’ observation of themselves seems to be very intriguing as it shed light on the immigrants’ awareness of being discriminated and feeling themselves as a separated part from the host society. The question to which extent the Dominicans’ perceptions of discrimination reflect the real unfairness in the area and what, in fact, influences mostly the assimilation processes, still has to be investigated. Incompleteness of the knowledge basis is a constant trigger for sociological studies. In this research, authors give a push for the further explorations of the issue. Authors have completed their mission and given a start to the process of thinking and estimating in the readersâ €™ minds.

Using Más in Spanish as an Adverb, Noun, or Pronoun

Using Ms in Spanish as an Adverb, Noun, or Pronoun Ms is the word most commonly used in Spanish as the equivalent of more and sometimes most. It typically functions as an adverb but sometimes as an adjective or pronoun. Here is a guide to its usage: Using Ms to Mean ‘More’ or ‘Most’ In its most simple use, ms can come before an adjective or adverb to mean more or most, depending on the context. In the same way, ms is often the equivalent of the English suffix -er or -est.  ¿Cul es el idioma ms fcil para aprender? (What is the easiest language to learn?)Es ms difà ­cil vivir en el à ©xito. (It is more difficult to live with success.) ¿Si me baà ±o en cloro serà © ms blanco? (If I bathe in chlorine, will I be whiter?)La propulsià ³n warp de Star Trek se usa para viajar ms rpido que la luz. (Star Treks warp propulsion is used to travel faster than light.)El monte Fujiyama es conocido como la ms hermosa montaà ±a en la Tierra. (Mount Fujiyama is known as the most beautiful mountain on Earth.) When it comes before a noun, ms can function as a masculine or feminine adjective and also be translated as more. Its use as an adjective to mean most is possible but uncommon. Hay ms felicidad en dar que en recibir. (There is more happiness in giving than in receiving.)Puedes enviar una invitacià ³n por correo electrà ³nico a dos o ms personas a la vez. (You can send an invitation by email to two or more people at a time.) ¿Causa la contaminacià ³n del aire ms muertes extra al aà ±o que el tabaco? (Does air pollution cause more additional deaths each year than tobacco?) Ms can also function as a pronoun in the same way where it substitutes for ms noun: Tengo ms que tà º. (I have more than you.)Compramos ms cuando tenemos hambre. (We are buying more when we are hungry.)Lo ms que puedes lograr es ser nà ºmero dos. (The most you can accomplish is to be number two.) Ms Que vs. Ms De The phrase more than is nearly always translated as ms de or ms que. However, the two phrases are used in different ways, arent interchangeable, and should not be confused with each other. Ms de is used with numbers and quantities: Las olas, de ms de siete metros de altura, hicieron estragos. (The waves, more than 7 meters high, created havoc.)Habà ­a ms de un mil espectadores. (There were more than 1,000 spectators.)Es importante beber ms de dos litros de agua al dà ­a. (It is important to drink more than two liters of water per day.) Ms que is used otherwise. As in the second example below, an adjective or adverb can come between the ms and the que. Hoy te amo ms que ayer. (I love you more today than yesterday.)La paz es ms difà ­cil que la guerra. (Peace is more difficult than war.)Somos mucho ms que amigos. (We are much more than friends.) Using Ms With Verbs Although ms is often translated as more when used as an adverb following a verb, often it is better to let the context suggest a different translation:  ¡No puedo vivir ms con mis padres! (I cant live any longer with my parents!)Pienso ms cuando no hay distracciones. (I think better when there arent any distractions.)Esta pilas recargables duran ms. (These rechargeable batteries last longer.) Using Ms in Arithmetic In mathematical formulas, ms is the equivalent of plus: Dos ms dos es igual a cuatro. (Two plus two equals four.)La suma de cero ms cualquier nà ºmero da dicho nà ºmero. (The sum of zero plus any number gives that number.) Ms vs. Mas Ms should not be confused with mas, even though the two words sound alike and come from the same origin. Mas is a preposition meaning but. You wont hear it used very often- mas has a mostly literary use and in real life the word choice for but is pero. Centuries ago, ms and mas started out as the same word, with the former eventually getting the accent because it would get the stress as its more and but meanings diverged. Key Takeaways Ms is usually used as an adverb to mean more or most.Ms can also be used as an adjective or pronoun meaning more.Ms and mas are not the same word; the latter is a literary word meaning but.

Elements and Genre Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Elements and Genre - Assignment Example It fulfills all expectations of romantic comedy movies without crossing genres. The movie The Imaginarium of Parnassus is an example of a science-fiction movie. Such movies have characteristics of high levels of imagination of things not likely to happen in reality. This movie qualifies to be in this genre since we find this aspect with the images formed. These include; enchanting meadows, mysterious forests that have ladders that go all the way to the sky and floating nymphs. Like the movie above, it fulfills all expectations of movies of this genre without crossing genres. Another film, Moulin Rouge – Silly Love Songs is an example of a music movie. The movie is full of sumptuous music and dance. The setting is the Montmartre Quarter of Paris. This movie fulfills all expectations of the movies of this genre. However, it crosses its genre since it has aspects of romance. It follows the love life of a poet who falls in love with Moulin Rouge meaning its genre can also be a romance

Spa Design History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Spa Design History - Essay Example Spa is considered to be the place of relaxation, treatment of various diseases, through different water therapies and of course the mean to be pampered. It can be broadly defined as the treatment or therapies (with water) through the regulated usage of time, place and the method of bathing, washing, showering etc. The origin dates back to the roman era, where the soldiers after long wars used to relax, treated as well by natural medication, which is water. History of Spa culture The concept of spa is derived from the practice used by the ancient warriors, where they used the techniques of practicing water therapy for different medication purpose, for the treatment of the wounds and for rejuvenating after a long war. These were considered to be the best treatment for wounded and tired muscles or body part. SPA- The full form is Sanus Per Aquam or Sanitus Per Aquam, both emphasized the importance and the usefulness of water for health and more importantly treatment. There are different beliefs and understanding relating to the spa culture. The most popular directs to the time of the Roman Empire, where they invented the way to use thermal water to get rid of their ailments. They made the springs and took hot water treatment in it. SPA is derived form that practice, which means by or through water. In this period a town named SPA was founded in Belgium also, which gave the common man a chance to avail the services and the utility of spa. The concept of spa and its popularity reached its peak during this time. Some history dates back to 3100—300 BCE where the Egyptians used water therapy and herbal treatments , in the era 700-200 BCE, the Greeks used cold water for the Spartans, in 200 BCE, Hebrews used the purification practice by immersing in the sea.

How did the era of the slingshot dragster serve to help drag racing Essay

How did the era of the slingshot dragster serve to help drag racing evolve from primarily a participant sport to more of a grandstand spectator event - Essay Example The racing grounds were smooth and could accommodate many vehicles at the same time. However, the slingshot experienced considerable transformation with time (Reyes 57). Drag racing in the 1950s was America’s extreme sport and the NHRA Drag Racing Championship was the renowned festival of characters, speed and color. Today, it remains unparalleled by any other automotive sport area. The slingshot had a fair share of its disadvantages that had for the longest time been highlighted by the media. For instance, many of the slingshot drivers in most cases experienced painful burns and at times disfigured faces and hands and to a greater extent they lost their dear lives. The reason for that was because fuel, oil or a mixture of both ignited and as a result blow on them. Notwithstanding the injuries and loss of lives, slingshot still remained a revered king of dragsters. However, there were plans to come up with an engine of a rear design but the inventors wanted to develop something bigger and better than the slingshot and could once and for all erase the slingshot (Reyes 68). Don Garlits one of the greatest dragster legends came up with a design that would put the engine and the fuel motor behind him. Partnering with Connie Swingle, they put their heads together and made a breakthrough in achieving what would later slow down the ratio of steering. While the new vehicle would be a sigh of relief to the drivers, there were still some who claimed that locating the cockpit forward was disorienting. After a series of tests under the belt, the sleek car which had a simple appearance was favored only that it’s motor was situated between the rear wheels and the driver. The building of the chassis of such a vehicle was demanding more so producing a rear engine. The concept of the rear engine proved to be forever more effective and the cars with the rear engine grew in length, size and that epitomized evolution into a colossus of the current top fuel (Reyes

Treatment & Characters' Back stories + Film Script Essay

Treatment & Characters' Back stories + Film Script - Essay Example Ashraf and Laila are more than siblings, they are best of friends since early childhood and now they only have each other. Rubina has kept her distance and cut all communication with the siblings since the ordeal but Ashraf maintains that the rape story is all but a hoax and pleads innocent to Rubina’s allegation. Since Ashraf and Rubina’s break up almost a year ago, things have not been normal between the two siblings. Ashraf has retracted back to his old gambling and drug addiction days and recently lost his job at a reputable firm in town. Rubina has lost confidence in his brother and really doubts she did the right thing by siding with her brother rather than her best friend. Rubina and Basil are actually married to each other. Eight months ago, Basil wed Rubina in a low profile civil marriage and ever since the two have been plotting a way to avenge the unfortunate ordeal that still taunts Rubina. Basil is acting as Laila’s fiancà © as a property developer. He currently needs a huge loan of a hundred million dollars to buy some real estate, flip it and sell it at an enormous profit to a Saudi prince. He is going to confront Laila and request for her assistance. Rubina is organizing for travel papers and logistics ready for their grand heist and escape this afternoon. She is to book flights to Nairobi under aliases. This will be their home from this day. Laila is waiting for Basil at her home, Ashraf is out on the lawn sipping his favorite cocktail under a sunscreen shade. Basil has told Laila he has something important to tell her and she is all anxious. Laila Shamila was born in Qatar and of a rich family. Sister to Ashraf Amir. Both parents died in an airplane crash when she was 22 years. The only family known to her is her sibling. She graduated from Uttar University and because of previous family connections landed a job as a bank manager a position esteemed and envied by many. She is smart and

Expert Systems Applied to Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Expert Systems Applied to - Essay Example Expert systems consist of a number of components such as the knowledge base, the inference engine and the user interface. The knowledge base contains all the data and information collected from the domain whereas the inference engine manipulates this information in looking to find a recommended course of action. The User interface provides the platform through which the system user can interact with the program. The role of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine primarily focuses on developing programs that can carry out diagnostic functions and suggest therapeutic recommendations. They are based on representative models of ailment entities in relation to factors such as their clinical manifestation and their ramifications on patient factors. Knowledge based systems are commonly used in clinical situations since they can withhold a vast knowledge base especially with regards to a particularly defined task. For this reason, the use of expert systems in the medical field applies in various functions within a hospital. For instance, expert systems can be used for generating reminders and alerts in real-time scenarios where they are attached to monitors as indicators used in monitoring changes in the condition of patients. In relatively acute cases, they can be used to scan lab test outcomes or medication prescriptions and generate reminders and alerts through e-mail or text message systems. Expert systems can also be used for diagnostic aid where the patient data can be checked against a system’s knowledge base to try and come up with accurate diagnosis in cases where the case of a patient is complex or unique or the diagnostician is relatively inexperienced (Wai et al. par. 63). An example of one such system is DXplain; a clinical decision support mechanism used to aid in diagnosis by looking at a set of symptoms, signs and laboratory results and generating a ranked list of possible diagnoses while at the same

Treatment & Characters' Back stories + Film Script Essay

Treatment & Characters' Back stories + Film Script - Essay Example Ashraf and Laila are more than siblings, they are best of friends since early childhood and now they only have each other. Rubina has kept her distance and cut all communication with the siblings since the ordeal but Ashraf maintains that the rape story is all but a hoax and pleads innocent to Rubina’s allegation. Since Ashraf and Rubina’s break up almost a year ago, things have not been normal between the two siblings. Ashraf has retracted back to his old gambling and drug addiction days and recently lost his job at a reputable firm in town. Rubina has lost confidence in his brother and really doubts she did the right thing by siding with her brother rather than her best friend. Rubina and Basil are actually married to each other. Eight months ago, Basil wed Rubina in a low profile civil marriage and ever since the two have been plotting a way to avenge the unfortunate ordeal that still taunts Rubina. Basil is acting as Laila’s fiancà © as a property developer. He currently needs a huge loan of a hundred million dollars to buy some real estate, flip it and sell it at an enormous profit to a Saudi prince. He is going to confront Laila and request for her assistance. Rubina is organizing for travel papers and logistics ready for their grand heist and escape this afternoon. She is to book flights to Nairobi under aliases. This will be their home from this day. Laila is waiting for Basil at her home, Ashraf is out on the lawn sipping his favorite cocktail under a sunscreen shade. Basil has told Laila he has something important to tell her and she is all anxious. Laila Shamila was born in Qatar and of a rich family. Sister to Ashraf Amir. Both parents died in an airplane crash when she was 22 years. The only family known to her is her sibling. She graduated from Uttar University and because of previous family connections landed a job as a bank manager a position esteemed and envied by many. She is smart and

The advantage and disadvantage of co-education and single sex Essay

The advantage and disadvantage of co-education and single sex education - Essay Example Despite co-education having several advantages, single sex education is the best in some areas and at certain times. Therefore, both co-education and single sex education have limitations as well as depicting strengths. The proponents of co-education attribute it to the development of social skills. Single sex education is faulted for limiting the interactions between the students hence they are unable to fully develop their social skills especially with the opposite sex (Bali, 2012). This means that the students that are under the co-education are able to develop skills that will enable them to understand the opposite gender. In addition, the students are able to break their shyness hence they freely interact with the opposite sex. This boils down to the family, where a child that was exposed to the opposite gender will have a better chance of getting a mate, as well as having the skills to relate with one another. According to Collins (2012), social interactions begin at infant schools where the children are able to establish relations with both sexes. Single sex education system ensures that sex-related distractions are minimized. Boys will give some attention to girls and vice versa especially during the adolescence (Ahmad, 2012). This can be detrimental to learning since time is likely to be lost in the process. This occurs when boys and girls study in the same institution as opposed to single sex education system. Co-education facilitates the diversion of the students’ attention from schoolwork to sexual-related thoughts and attractiveness. Some of the struggles in a co-education system include the perception by the opposite gender, immature romance, and boy-girl crushes among others. In terms of academic performance, students from single sex education system do well as opposed to co-education schools. A research by Australian Council of

The Rise and Fall of bin Laden, or a Dissent into Cyber-terrorism Essay Example for Free

The Rise and Fall of bin Laden, or a Dissent into Cyber-terrorism Essay Osama bin Muhammad bin ‘Awad bin Laden, best known as Osama bin Laden in the west, is a militant Islamist and the reported founder of the terrorist organization known as al-Qaeda. He stepped on to the global arena in 2001 with his broadcasts on Al Jazeera in direct relation to the September 11th attacks. Since then his faction has had a downfall through the western war on terror, but it is widely believed that this is only a ploy, and that al-Qaeda, along with many other radical Muslim groups are planning to continue their reign of terror on the net. The media has deemed the term for this cyberterrorism, and it is the current threat Osama is expected to pose, but some argue that this is merely western propaganda. Bin Laden has been described as a tall and thin man by the FBI. He is said to be between 6’4’’ and 6’6’’ (193-198cm) in height and weighing about 165 pounds. Left-handed with an olive complexion, he usually walks with a cane, and wears a white turban. He is considered to have a mild mannered temperament and to be very soft spoken. He is thought to only be able to speak Arabic. Never the less, he is believed to be the leader and founder of one of the most heinously acting terrorist groups, known as Al Qaeda Osama was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Al Jazeera referenced his birthday as being March 10, 1957. Osama is a member of the prestigious bin Laden family. His father Muhammed Awd bin Laden had known ties to the Saudi royal family, as well as a prominent business. His father, poor and uneducated before World War I, he immigrated from Hadhramaut to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. It was here, where he began to work as a porter. In 1930, Muhammed started his own business; he built his fortune as a building contractor for the Saudi royal family during the 1950’s. It is estimated that Muhammed bin Laden has as many as 55 sons, of which Osama is assumed to be his seventeenth son, but the only from his tenth wife. This led to an upbringing that kept him unfamiliar with his father. Bin Laden attended the secular Al-Thager Model secondary school from 1968 to 1976 where he was raised as a devout Sunni Muslim. The largest denomination of Islam, Sunni Muslims are also refered to as Ahlus Sunnah wal-Jamaa’h which basically means people of the example, or of Muhammad. As a result of King Faisal welcoming exiled teachers from Syria, Egypt and Jordan to Saudi Arabia in the 60’s, it was not too uncommon for members of the Muslim Brotherhood to be found teaching at Saudi schools and universities. During this time, Osama is believed to have been influenced by many of the teachings promoted by these exiles. It is also thought that Osama might have studied economics and business administration at King Abdulaziz University, and that he might have earned a degree in civil engineering in 1979. He is also said to never have graduated from college. Whatever his collegiate experience entails, it is now known that he spent the last 30 years since his college days contributing to the growth of the Muslim Brotherhood known as al-Qaeda, which performed its first military act in 1994. The Talibans first large military operation took place in October 1994 when it seized the Pasha munitions depot and the town of Spin Boldak on the Pakistani border, held at the time by Hizb-i Islami commanders. The capture of the arms dump provided them with an enormous quantity of military materiel, including rockets, ammunition, artillery, and small arms. Green, 2002) These attacks were the beginning of Osama’s reign. Later he would lead al-Qaeda to what they would deem to be the greatest statement of their western disapproval. Osama grew notorious through Al Jazeera, which gained its fame following the September 11th attacks, when the network broadcasted video statements by Osama bin Laden and other members of al-Qaeda. Al Jazeera, which in Arabic means The Island is a television network headquarters located in Doha, Qatar. The networks satellite capabilities enabled it to change the social landscape of the Middle East. Prior to its emergence, Middle Eastern citizens were only able to watch TV channels of stat-censored national stations. Al Jazeera introduced an unprecedented level of freedom of speech for most countries. On September 11th, 2001 Al Jazeera gained worldwide recognition with its broadcasts of al-Qaeda. Osama bin Laden gained an unprecedented level of global familiarity as well. The western fear of terrorism can entirely be credited as a product of his hate, which has complicated the western perception of rightful civil liberty. In her article Al Qaeda, Terrorism, and Military Comissions, Ruth Wedgwood proves that though most American citizens consider terrorism to be a federal and national problem, it is very much a local one. Al Qaeda’s published doctrine maintains that there are no innocent civilians in Western society (Wedgwood, 2002)†¦ She later goes on to analyze the psychological foundation they use to form their tenet and she says †¦this tenet leads it to the gravest of international crime (Wedgwood, 2002). Despite the fear bin Laden has been able to instill in the American people, there are many rumors that his financial backing is not as strong as it was in 2001. This could be the mark of his downfall, or just a shift in the types of terrorist acts al-Qaeda performs. The attacks on 9/11 and the ideology of the Taliban adhere to the power inherent in fear, and exploiting fear is not always a costly venture. The twin towers, the White House and the Pentagon are all symbols of American security and their presence provides a certain level of comfort for our society. Though security officials are trained to counter attacks on our civilization, there was a false faith formed over time that attacks such as 9/11 were inconceivable, nor possible to carryout. Now our country has grown impervious to this type of thought. Western civilization has waged war on the Jihad; securities are enhanced, and we are less likely to be vulnerable to the same form of attacks. Even still, western as well as eastern societies still have a major vulnerability that can exploited through the internet. In his Washington Post article Consultant Hacks FBI’s Computer System Martin H. Bosworth reports on an outside consultant hired by the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) who breached the agency’s computer network and gained access to over 38,000 employee’s passwords. The hacker, known as Joseph Colon claimed he used run-of-the-mill hacker techniques that can be easily found on the internet. He gained access to such information as the Witness Protection Program, but can this be defined as terrorism? The United States Department of State defines terrorism as premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub national groups or clandestine agents (Gordon, 2003). This interpretation of terrorism becomes a very vague one when the internet is merged with this definition. The product of the two is cyberterrorism, but their have been a wide range of definitions posed since the terms advent in the 1980’s by Barry Collins (Gordon, 2003). Dorothy Denning is a computer science professor at Georgetown University, and one of the country’s foremost respected cyber-security experts. Her views are referred to numerous times in more than a few articles reviewed in this paper. In Denning’s Testimony before the Special Oversight Panel on Terrorism, the most widely cited paper on Cyberterrorism, she defines the term as an act carried out on the internet with the intention to do major, or significant damage to society, the likes of which would impede the process of a community’s civil liberty (Denning, 2000). Denning’s definition is very clarifying because it identifies the difference between a cyberterrorist and a hacker. Where a cyberterrorist acts with the intent of severely impacting the economy or civil morale of the country, a hacker merely causes nonessential or at the most costly damage. For every publication produced that argues cyber-terrorism is a major threat, there is another arguing that it is a hoax. Many of these authors who hold this position argue it is a form of presidential propaganda. In his article, Cyberterrorism: There are many ways terrorists can kill you—computers aren’t one of them, Joshua Green argues that the Bush administration’s infatuation with preaching the dangers of cyberterrorism is one that has become a pattern since September 11th. None are more exemplary of exploiting the public’s misunderstanding of the term, along with their fears, than Homeland Security Director Tom Ridge, which Green proves with this quote by Ridge: Terrorists can sit at one computer connected to one network and can create worldwide havoc, warned Homeland Security Director Tom Ridge in a representative observation last April. [They] dont necessarily need a bomb or explosives to cripple a sector of the economy, or shut down a power grid. (Green, 2002) Green further points out that Ridge’s propaganda is not without merit considering that a survey of 725 cities conducted by the National League of Cities for the Anniversary of the 9/11 attacks s howed that cyberterrorism ranked with biological and chemical weapons at the top of a list made by officials of the single most feared threats (2002). Despite this, it must be remembered that Green’s article was published in The Washington Monthly a little more than a year after the 9/11 attacks. At this particular point information was scarce and Bush’s scare tactics were still at the height of their influence; and yet, Green has enough sense to question the motives behind those who use cyberterrorism as a way to instill fear in the fear in the American public. Green points out that the federal government requested $4. 5 billion in cyber investigative security; Bush appointed Richard Clarke to his created position of cybersecurity czar assigning him an office in the White House, and The Washington Post developed a habit of publishing first page headlines like: Cyber-Attacks by Al Qaeda Feared, Terrorists at Threshold of Using Internet as Tool of Bloodshed, Experts Say (Green, 2002). Green recognizes that all of these actions would be reasonable responses to an actual looming threat, but they fail to muster any sort of rationale considering that, as he states, there is no such thing as cyberterrorismno instance of anyone ever having been killed by a terrorist (or anyone else) using a computer (2002). In sum, despite the lack of proof of the potential threat which cyber terrorism poses. It is agreed by most political and military analysts that al-Qaeda’s next step is in the cyber arena. Never the less, this could also be deemed as a sign of bin Laden’s downfall. There are many rumors that al-Qeada lacks the same sufficient funding they had in 2001, that Osama has grown broke, and that the Jihad will eventually be a distant memory. If this is true, the internet would make for a more affordable method of terrorist attacks. These arguments will potentially prove foolish if bin Laden finds a way to continue his terror through the web. The potential for more tragedy is at the finger tips of al-Qeada literally and figuratively.

Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass Surgery: Impact of Caseload

Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass Surgery: Impact of Caseload Impact of Hospital Caseload and Elective admission on Outcomes Following Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass Surgery Abstract Background Limited information exists evaluating the impact of hospital caseload and elective admission on outcomes following patients undergoing extracranial-intracranial (ECIC) bypass surgery. Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) for the years 2001 through 2014, we evaluated the impact of hospital caseload and elective admission on outcomes following bypass. Methods In an observational cohort study, weighted estimates were used to investigate the association of hospital caseload and elective admission on short-term outcomes following bypass surgery using multivariable regression techniques. Results Overall 10,679 patients (mean age: 43.39Â ±19.63 years; 59% female) underwent bypass across 495 non-federal US hospitals. In multivariable models, we noted patients undergoing bypass at high volume centers were associated with decreased probability of mortality(OR:0.39;95% CI:0.22-0.70;p

Kaleidoscope Essay -- Descriptive Essays

Kaleidoscope â€Å"Some are transformed just once / And live their whole lives after in that shape. / Others have a facility for changing themselves as they please.† -Ovid It finds its way into my hands—the small kaleidoscope—a trinket my grandfather passes along to me after finding it at the bottom of his toolbox one afternoon. â€Å"Hold it up to the light, Lauren,† he advises me, upon witnessing my attempts to unlock the kaleidoscope’s magic by aiming it towards the shadowy pavement. With hands clasped, eyes squinted, and head cocked, I finally spot the colored chips, a glittering lattice of blue, green, and yellow, stagnantly arranged and defined. â€Å"Turn it, now,† my grandfather orders, smiling. Suddenly, the clear composition unravels. It becomes a moving color war, triangles and rectangles interacting, skirting around one another to form patterns that linger only fleetingly before changing again. I gasp, intrigued. â€Å"That’s the beautiful part,† my grandfather observes. â€Å"It’s beautiful when it’s turning.† The challenge of cleaning out my desk drawers in preparation for the move to New York results in my stumbling across an old coloring book. I leaf through the pages, startled by the number of pictures I’d left only partially colored. With quick, shaky movements, it seems as if I had simply jumped from shading one image to the next, as if there were something complete about leaving the figures incomplete. Sitting at my desk, fourteen years older, I laugh at my rendition of Big Bird, whose characteristically yellow feathers I had made blue and whose feet (I suppose I had decided) were altogether undeserving of color. And yet I get a sense that thi... ... of wholeness, but the acceptance that I’ll always be a work-in-progress that creates the satisfying illusion of completeness. Although ignorant of his own words, my grandfather has gotten it right: It is beautiful when it’s turning. We, as human beings, are not able to ossify what we perceive to be our â€Å"identity†; it will be forever changing—a kind of surreal, confounding, and complex reflection of our human experience. We possess innumerable facets, like little tubes of color that remain separate until some creative force removes all the caps and mixes them together. It is that mà ©lange that initiates a masterpiece of identity—a masterpiece that is ever changing and never quite finished, but fulfilling in its progression. And it is precisely this understanding that makes the next stroke of the brush a little bit clearer, the portrait itself a bit more revealing.

Ap Dbq List

A. P. United States History 2. Name___________________________Date________ ? Chapter 26. The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution, 1865-1896. Theme 1: After the Civil War, whites overcame the Plains Indians’ fierce resistance and settled the Great West, bringing to a close the long frontier phase of American history. Theme 2: The farmers who populated the West found themselves the victims of an economic revolution in agriculture. Trapped in a permanent debtor dependency, in the 1880s they finally turned to political action to protest their condition. Their efforts culminated in the Populist Party’s attempt to create an interracial farmer/labor coalition in the 1890s, but William Jennings Bryan’s defeat in the pivotal election of 1896 signaled the triumph of urbanism and the middle class. I. Summary for Chapter. Read this section as you are reading the text, as these are the main ideas and concepts of the reading. It is also very important to look over all text inserts, cartoons, pictures, maps, charts etc. that are in the reading. (33 pgs) 1. At the close of the Civil War, the Great Plains and Mountain West were still occupied by Indians who hunted buffalo on horseback and fiercely resisted white encroachment on their land and way of life. But as the whites’ livestock grazed the prairies and diseases undercut Indian strength and numbers, a cycle of environmental destruction and intertribal warfare soon threatened Native Americans’ existence. The federal government combined a misconceived â€Å"treaty† program with intermittent warfare to force the Indians into largely barren reservations. 2. Attempting to coerce Indians into adopting white ways, the government passed the Dawes Act, which eliminated tribal ownership of land while often insensitive â€Å"humanitarians† created a network of Indian boarding schools that further assaulted traditional Native American culture. 3. The mining and cattle frontiers created colorful chapters in western history. Farmers carried out the final phase of settlement, lured by free homesteads, railroads, and irrigation. The census declared the end of the frontier in 1890, concluding a formative phase of American history. The frontier was less a â€Å"safety valve† than many believed, but the growth of cities actually made the West the most urbanized region of the United States by the 1890s. 4. Beginning in the 1870s, farmers began pushing into the treeless prairies beyond the 100th meridian, using the techniques of dry farming that gradually contributed to soil loss. Irrigation projects, later financed by the federal government, allowed specialized farming in many areas of the arid West, including California. The â€Å"closing† of the frontier in 1890 signified the end of traditional westward expansion, but the Great West remained a unique social and environmental region. 5. As the farmers opened vast new lands, agriculture was becoming a mechanized business dependent on specialized production and international markets. Once declining prices and other woes doomed the farmers to permanent debt and dependency, they began to protest their lot, first through the Grange and then through Farmers’ Alliances, the prelude to the People’s (Populist) party. 6. The major depression of the 1890s accelerated farmer and labor strikes and unrest, leading to a growing sense of class conflict. In 1896 pro-silverite William Jennings Bryan captured the Democratic Party’s nomination, and led a fervent campaign against the â€Å"goldbug† Republicans and their candidate William McKinley. McKinley’s success in winning urban workers away from Bryan proved a turning point in American politics, signaling the triumph of the city, the middle class, and a new party system that turned away from monetary issues and put the Republicans in the political driver’s seat for two generations. II. Major questions & concepts for consideration. Write these out on a separate sheet of paper. These will be the topics of discussion and class participation. Look above in the summary of the chapter, as you answer the following conceptual questions: 1. Discuss the causes and results of the warfare between whites and Native Americans in the great West. 2. Explain the development of federal policy toward Native Americans in the late nineteenth century. 3. Analyze the brief flowering and decline of the cattle and mining frontiers. 4. Explain the impact of the closing of the frontier and the long-term significance of the frontier for American history. 5. Describe the revolutionary changes in farming on the Great Plains. 6. Describe the economic forces that drove farmers into debt, and describe how the Grange, the Farmers’ Alliances and the Populist Party organized to protest their oppression. 7. Explain the major issues in the critical campaign of 1896 and describe the long term effects of McKinley’s victory. III. Significant names, terms, and topics: Know these terms etc. A. P. Jeopardy: The Clash of Cultures on the Plains (Page 594) Before reading this section read the quotation of Frederick Jackson Turner on page 594. This is a quote from his famous essay The significance of the Frontier in American History (1920) Also read the analysis of the essay in Varying Viewpoints on page 622. Also see 48 below. Please also see the picture and caption on page 595 this certainly â€Å"talks† to the do cument from the Coronado expedition of 1541. †¢ Overview Cause: The encroachment of white settlement and the violation of treaties. Effect: Led to nearly constant warfare with Planes Indians from 1868 to about 1890. . Significance of intertribal warfare, and forced migration of tribes. †¢ Cheyenne and Sioux transformation from foot travel, crop villages to nomadic buffalo hunters. 2. Effects of European diseases, and white introduced livestock had devastating results. 3. Pacification Treaties marked the beginning of the reservation system in the West. †¢ Treaty of Fort Laramie, 1851 †¢ †¢ Treaty of Fort Atkinson, 1853 †¢ †¢ These treaties established boundaries for each: †¢ †¢ Attempted to separate Indians into two great colonies North and South of intended: 4. White misunderstanding of Indian culture and the results: †¢ Study the picture and caption Pawnee Indians in Front of their Lodge 1868 and the document One Dishearten Indian complained on page 592. 5. (1860) Great Sioux reservation (Dakota Territory) and Indian Territory in Oklahoma. †¢ Continued dishonesty of federal Indian agents. †¢ †¢ Immigrant and Buffalo Soldiers were involved in fierce warfare on the plains. See picture on page 597. Receding Native Population (Page 597) †¢ Study the map Indian Wars, 1860-1890 on page 598. As you read below locate the major Indian battles on the map. . Sand Creek Massacre (1864) Colorado, Killing of over 400 Indians. †¢ Colonel J. M. Chivington. See Chivington document on page 598. 7. Fetterman Massacre (1866) The Sioux led by Chief Red Cloud attempted to stop the Bozeman Trail, which was to go from Fort Laramie, Wyoming, straight through the heart of the Sioux hunting ground in Montana. Captain William Fetterman a nd his command of 81 were killed in Wyoming. †¢ The cycle of vicious warfare followed. 8. Treaty of Fort Laramie, (1868) The U. S. government abandoned building the Bozeman Trail. 9. Black Hills gold† (1864) Colonel George Armstrong Custer’s scientific expedition into the South Dakota. †¢ Gold Rush 10. Little Big Horn Massacre (1876) Col. Custer’s Seventh Cavalry of 264 officers and men killed. †¢ Indian leaders were Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. †¢ †¢ Indian resistance was gradually worn down, and by the end of the 1870s, most Sioux were on reservations. †¢ 11. Nez Perce (1977) †¢ In 1877 the U. S. government ordered the Nez Perce of eastern Oregon to move to a smaller reservation in Idaho. When they were given the orders to move the young braves staged a series of raids. Fearing reprisals, the Nez Perce attempted to escape to Canada, led by Chief Joseph. This group of 800 Indians evaded capture for 75 days before surrendering to the U. S. troops just 40 miles from the Canadian border. In advising his people to give up, Chief Joseph made a moving speech. †¢ â€Å"I am tired of fighting. Our chiefs are killed†¦The old men are all dead. It is the young men who say yes or no. He who led the young men is dead. It is cold and we have no blankets. The little children are freezing to death. My people, some of them, have run away to the hills, have no blankets, no food. No one knows where they are—perhaps freezing to death. I want time to have to look for my children and see how many I can find. Hear me, my chiefs. I am tired. My heat is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever†. 12. Apache tribes of Arizona and New Mexico †¢ Geronimo (c1823-1909 See the picture and caption on page 599. 13. The fate of the Plains Indian culture 14. Name the factors that† tamed the Indian† Note that the author has prioritized the factors, often this is what you are asked to do in historical essays. Can you see the type of question that could be asked here, and how you would set up your thesis? Within your thesis one would include what major factors? †¢ Railroad †¢ †¢ Diseases †¢ †¢ Alcohol †¢ †¢ Extermination of the Buffalo †¢ †¢ Note that you have a classic cause and effect: Railroad building, disease, and the destruction of the buffalo, decimated Indian and hastened their defeat at the hands of advancing whites. Bellowing Herds of Bison (Page 599) 15. Bison as the staff of life for the Plains Indians. †¢ 16. Railroad construction and the food supplies f or the workers. †¢ William Cody -hero or villain? The End of the Trail (Page 602) Study the map, caption and text Vanishing Lands on page 602. Study the text on The Indian Removal Act of 1830 and The Dawes Act of 1887. 17. Helen Hunt Jackson A Century of Dishonor (1881) †¢ Ramona (1884) †¢ What was the significance of these books? †¢ †¢ What other books in your study of history had significant influence on public opinion? †¢ †¢ Study the photograph and caption Lakotas Receiving Rations at Standing Rock Reservation, ca. 1881. On page 603. Also study the document Plenty Coups speaks 18. Why did do-gooders want to make Indians white folks? 19. Outlaw of the Sun Dance in 1884. †¢ â€Å"Ghost Dance† cult spread among the Sioux †¢ 20. The Massacre at Wounded Knee (1890) on the Pine Ridge reservation in South Dakota resulted in the deaths of 200 Indians, many of them women and children. The incident at Wounded Knee marked the end of armed conflict between the United States government and the Indians. †¢ Read the documents Civil War veteran General Sheridan reflected on page 602. 21. Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. This dissolved many tribes as legal entities. Forced-assimilation †¢ No tribal ownership †¢ †¢ Individual family heads with †¢ Severalty: The condition, as of land being held or owned by separate or individual right. †¢ Reservation land not given to the Indians was sold, money going to help â€Å"civilize† and educate the Indians. †¢ Why do the authors call this a misbegotten offspring of the Indian reform policy? 22. Carlisle Indian School (1879) Pennsylvania. Kill the Indian and save the man. †¢ By 1900 Indians had lost; 23. Indian Reorganization Act, (1934) †¢ (The Indian New Deal did what? ) †¢ 24. By 1887 â€Å"Bullets, bottles, and bacteria† resulted in? †¢ †¢ What did the census of 2000 indicate? †¢ Mining: From Dishpan to Ore Breaker (Page 604) 5. â€Å"fifty-niners† (1858) Colorado gold rush †¢ Pike’s Peak many stayed on to mine or farm grain. 26. Nevada, 1859 †¢ Comstock Lode (1860-1890) both gold and silver. †¢ Significance to Lincoln in 1864? †¢ Smaller mining strikes drew population into Montana, Idaho and other western states 27. Boomtowns †¢ Vigilante justice 28. What replaced the individual miner? †¢ Why was this significant? †¢ Why was the mining frontier important to women? †¢ Why are the dates given and states given important to women? 29. The great abundance of precious metals mined in the West had a profound affect on the nation. Thesis) †¢ Note the factors of importance given by the author and how they prioritize these factors. †¢ Quickly list those factors under: †¢ economic: †¢ †¢ political: †¢ †¢ social: †¢ Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive (Page 605) †¢ Study the map Cattle Trails on page 605 and note the photograph and caption Dressed to Kill. †¢ 30. Solution of the marketing problem for the Long Horn 31. â€Å"Beef barons† Swift and Armour Giant meat packers at Kansas City and Chicago 32. The â€Å"long drive† Texas cowboys to the Railroad terminal †¢ Cow towns: Dodge City, Abilene, Kansas, Ogallala, Nebraska, and Cheyenne Wyoming. See the map on page 605 and locate the rail heads 33. Frontier justice †¢ The cattle drive continued fro 1866-1888 34. The Railroad and what other factors killed the Long Drive? †¢ †¢ Winter of 1886-1887 †¢ 35. As a result the stockmen did what to save his livelihood? †¢ Wyoming Stock Growers Association †¢ †¢ The cowboy folklore lives on. †¢ †¢ Study the map and caption Myth and reality on page 603. The Farming Frontier (Page 606) Note the DBQ The Farmers’ Movement, 1870-1900 on page A118. 36. Sodbuster 37. The Homestead Act of 1862 allowed a settler to acquire: †¢ †¢ How was this Act different from previous policy? Why did the Homestead Act often turn out to be a â€Å"Cruel Hoax†? †¢ †¢ 38. How did railways play a major role in the development of the agricultural West? †¢ Marketing of crops †¢ RR induced people to buy cheap land (Propaganda) †¢ 39. The myth of the great American Desert Wh at does the author mean? †¢ †¢ 40. 100th meridian and its significance? †¢ John Wesley Powell director of the U. S. Geological Survey warned in 1874: †¢ †¢ See Average Annual Precipitation map on page 610. Locate the 100th meridian line. †¢ Drought 1887-1892 41. â€Å"Dry farming† and its future consequences? †¢ †¢ Winter wheat from: †¢ 42. Joseph F. Glidden (1874) and his contribution: 43. Irrigation systems. One should note the consequences of this damming of the rivers in Marc Reisner†s classic book: Cadillac Desert. The American West and its Disappearing Water. The Far West Comes of Age (Page 608) 44. What was the motive of the Republican Congress of 1888-90? †¢ 45. What held up Utah from becoming a state until 1896? †¢ 46. â€Å"Sooners† â€Å"Boomers† â€Å"Sooner State† (1889) †¢ The Fading Frontier (Page 610) 47. What was the significance of the watershed date-1890? †¢ 48. Frederick Jackson Turner â€Å"The Significance of the Frontier in American History† (1920) †¢ 9. National Parks, Yellowstone (1872) Yosemite, Sequoia (1890) 50. â€Å"Safety-valve theory† You should be able to restate this in your own words, and give reasons for its validity. The author suggests that the safety valve of the late 19th century was: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Some vali dity? †¢ †¢ †¢ Study the chart Homestead from Public Lands on page 611. †¢ Real safety valve in late 19th century was in western cities: †¢ †¢ Study the chart 51. In this last section the author’s sets in motion a thesis based upon the trans-Mississippi West as a unique area. †¢ Note how they bring in diversity and a blend of cultures. †¢ †¢ Native American †¢ Anglo culture †¢ †¢ Hispanic culture †¢ †¢ Asian-American What other factors do they bring to his position? †¢ Environment molds †¢ Social †¢ Political †¢ American imagination †¢ Federal government role in the West Do you agree? †¢ Look at VI. Below: Expanding Viewpoints and see how historians Turner and White disagree. These thoughts are expanded also on page 622 â€Å"Was the West Really Won†? Do you recognize their thesis? †¢ The Farm become a Factory (Page 612) 52. The situation American farmers, once the jacks-and- jills-of- all-trades, were rapidly changing. (A thesis) †¢ Note the support for this thesis below: Can you identify the causes and the effects? Place a (C) for causes and a (E) for effects and be able to defend your position. †¢ â€Å"Cash crops† wheat or corn †¢ †¢ Cogs-tied to: †¢ †¢ Had to buy expensive machinery †¢ †¢ Placement of blame †¢ †¢ â€Å"mechanization of agriculture† †¢ †¢ (farm as factory) †¢ 53. The reformer Henry George Progress and Poverty (See pages 579) description of agricultural California. Deflation Dooms the Debtor (Page 609) 54. One crop economy has a written in danger, to understand what follows is to understand this danger. †¢ World Market and its influences †¢ 55. Know how low prices and a deflated currency caused trouble for the farmer North, South and West. †¢ †¢ †¢ If you’re not sure ask in class. 56. What is a static money supply? †¢ †¢ What results? †¢ 57. What was the vicious cycle the farmers were caught in? †¢ farm machinery increased production †¢ Increase of grain lowered the price †¢ Farmers thus became deeper in debt 58. What were the effects on the farmers? †¢ Mortgage default †¢ Farm tenancy rather than ownership †¢ Sharecropping in the South †¢ New industrial feudalism Unhappy Farmers (Page 613) †¢ Farmers faced many problems and grievances See the poster and caption The Farmer’s Grievances on page 615. 59. Effects of nature on the farmers: †¢ Insects †¢ Floods, erosion †¢ drought †¢ Expensive fertilizers †¢ 60. Effects of government on the farmers: †¢ Local, state, national gouged the farmers †¢ Land overassess ed †¢ taxes †¢ High protective tariffs †¢ 61. Effects of corporations on farmers: †¢ At the mercy of Trusts †¢ Harvester, barbed wire, fertilizer trusts †¢ Middleman cut †¢ Mercy of the grain warehouses, elevators and railroads. †¢ 62. Effects of the railroad on farmers: †¢ Freight rates †¢ Difficulty to protest, RR operators revenge. †¢ 63. Why were the farmers unorganized? †¢ Independent †¢ Individualistic †¢ 64. Restriction of production was forced by the Federal government during the Great depression under Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal. See Paying Farmers Not to Farm, pages 783. The Farmers Take Their Stand (Page 615) For an overview of this movement see Fast Track To A 5, pages 219-222 The Growth of Discontent: Farmers Organize 65. Greenback movement in 1868 demanded: †¢ †¢ 66. National Grange (1867) organized by Oliver H. Kelley. 67. First objective of the Grange: †¢ Social †¢ Economic †¢ Fraternal activities 68. Next goal of the Grange: †¢ Economic Coop. stores, grain elevators and warehouses †¢ Manufacture of harvesters 69. Grange political goals: †¢ State legislation of RR rates, Grain storage fees †¢ Granger laws defeated †¢ †¢ Wabash decision, 1886. See page 538. The Supreme Court ruled that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce. Later (1887) the congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act that created the Interstate Commerce Commission which forbade railroads from some of their wrongdoings. 70. Greenback Labor party (goals) †¢ †¢ James B. Weaver (Greenback Labor Party) ran in the Presidential election of 1880, against (James A. Garfield (Rep) and Winfield S Hancock (Dem) he polled only 3% of the popular vote. See page A59. †¢ Note that Weaver again run for President with the Populist (People’s) Party in 1892 and won over a million popular votes and 22 electoral votes. See pages 523-24. Prelude to Populism (Page 613) Also see Fast Track To A 5, pages 221-24. The Populist Party. Also see Mr. Soward’s handout Pictotext 34 The Farmers Seek a New political Party Read the text and turn to the pictures Highlights of the Populist Platform. 71. Farmers’ Alliance goals: †¢ †¢ †¢ What weakened the Alliance? †¢ Ignored: †¢ †¢ 72. Colored Farmers’ National alliance (1880) History of racial division and divide and rule. 73. The emergence of the People’s Party (Populists) †¢ What were their goals? It is very important to know these goals as they set you up to understand the great reforms that were to follow. †¢ Nationalize the †¢ †¢ Graduated: †¢ †¢ Create federal Subtreasury †¢ †¢ Free and unlimited coinage †¢ 74. William Hope Harvey and his pamphlet Coin’s Financial School (1894) †¢ His goal was for what? 75. Ignatius Donnelly of Minnesota a Populist Congressman. †¢ Mary Elizabeth Lease (1853-1933) Raise â€Å"Less Corn and more Hell. See the picture and caption on page 616. †¢ Standing almost six feet tall, she spoke passionately on behalf of the downtrodden farmers and challenged them to unite to improve their condition. Her legendary speeches could mesmerize an audience for two or three hours. â€Å"You may call me an anarchi st, a socialist, or a communist, I care not, but I hold to the theory that if one man has not enough to eat three times a day and another has $25 million, that last man has something that belongs to the first. † By 1890 she backed the Populist Party and traveled West and South, stirring up support for the third party. Let the old political parties know that the raid is over,† she exhorted, â€Å"and that monopolies, trusts, and combines shall be relegated t Hades. † The Gilded Age, Janette T. Greewood,Oxford U. Press, page 140 †¢ The other major political parties began to pay attention to Populist issues. See James B. Weaver in the election of 1892. . Coxey’s Army and the Pullman Strike (Page 614) †¢ Before your study of Coxey’s Army and its significance, one might want to make the connection with other rebellions in American history and see what their origins were and note any similarities. See: Andros Rebellion (1689) page 53. Baconâ€⠄¢s Rebellion (1676) page 68. †¢ Leisler’s Rebellion (1689-91) page 82. Salem Witch Trials (1692-3) page 79-80. †¢ Paxton Boys (1764) page 88. (Also see Benjamin Franklin, Walter Isaacson, pp. 210-14. ) †¢ Shays’s Rebellion (1786) page 176. Whiskey Rebellion (1794) page 196. Bonus Army (1932) page 766. 76. The Panic of 1893 (This lasted from 1893-1894), followed by the Silver Campaign Depression 1895-98 77. The goals of General Jacob S. Coxey (1894) †¢ †¢ †¢ Study the photograph and caption Coxey’s Army Enters the District of Columbia, 1894 on page 617. Coxey’s achievement: †¢ 78. Pullman Strike of 1894. †¢ See the picture and caption on page 618. †¢ Eugene V. Debs, American Railway Union †¢ Union Grievances †¢ 79. Governor Peter Altgeld †¢ †¢ Vs. Att. Gen. Richard Olney. †¢ President Cleveland’s stance. †¢ 80. What is a Federal Court Injunction? †¢ †¢ 81. What was the unholy alliance between business and the courts? †¢ †¢ What was the significance of this belief? †¢ Golden McKinley and Silver Bryant (Page 618) 82. Election of 1896. †¢ Conservatives feared class upheaval. †¢ †¢ Discontented farmers and workers looked for political salvation. †¢ 83. Marcus Alonzo Hanna of Ohio a â€Å"President Maker. † †¢ Hanna’s ideology: †¢ Prime function of government: †¢ Prosperity trickled down to labor †¢ 84. Republican Platform favored: †¢ Gold †¢ Democratic incapacity and the economic hard times of the Panic of 1896 †¢ Continued protective tariff †¢ Study cartoon and caption Crying for Protection, 1898 on page 619). 85. Democratic Convention July 1896. †¢ Refusal to endorse President Cleveland. †¢ 86. William Jennings Bryant of Nebraska gave the stirring speech Cross of Gold speech. †¢ See the picture and caption on page 621 and the cartoon and caption The Sacrilegious Candidate. Having behind us the producing masses of this nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring interests and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their demand for a gold standard by saying to them: You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold†. †¢ Bryan was nominated by the Democratic party. †¢ 87. Democratic Platform favored: †¢ Inflation (unlimited coinage of silver 16 oz to 1 88. A number of Democratic Gold Bugs left the Party 89. The Populist Party dilemma: †¢ The Populist Party endorsed Bryan for president, the so called Demo-Pop party. Class Conflict: Plowholders versus Bondholders (Page 620) 90. Why were some people fearful of the Free Silver issue? †¢ †¢ 91. How did the â€Å"dirty tricks† (â€Å"Stop Bryan, Save America† crusade)work in favor of the big industrialists? †¢ †¢ †¢ 92. McKinley triumphed 93. The authors make the point the† the free-silver election of 1896† was †¦ the most significant political turning point since Lincoln’s victories in 1860 and 1864. † †¢ What evidence do they give? †¢ †¢ Eastern wage earners voted for jobs †¢ †¢ Wage earners had no reason to favor inflation †¢ Outcome of the election was a victory for big business, big cities, middle class values and financial conservatives. †¢ Last real effort to win the Presidency with mostly agrarian votes. †¢ 94. Republicans held on to the White House from 1896 to 1912 when Democrat Woodrow Wilson was elected. 95. Republican dominance in 1896 gave the death knell of the Gilded Age political party system. †¢ See map and caption Presidential Election of 1896 on page 623. †¢ Diminishing voter participation †¢ Weakening of political organizations †¢ Fading of money,and civil service reform issues Replaced by Issues of industrial regulation and welfare for labor (The 4th Party system) †¢ Read carefully the footnote at the bottom of page 623 dealing with the 5 party systems, it is important to understand these party systems, as it will make more sense as we move ahead to the study of F. D. Roosevelt’s New Deal (5 th party system) and R. M. Nixon’s election of 1968-the 6th party system? Did we enter a 7th party system with George W. Bush? Republican Stand-pattism Enthroned (Page 623) 96. Republican conservative approach: †¢ Shy away from issues of reform †¢ Business and trusts given free reign †¢ †¢ Dingley Tariff Bill (1897) It is important to look at the Tariff Chart in the Appendix (A55) †¢ †¢ Look at the Tariff of 1828 and then up to the Dingley Tariff (1897) †¢ Note the North American Free Trade Agreement (N. A. F. T. A. ) (1993). As we continue our studies and explore other tariffs please refer to this chart. 97. Gold Standard Act of 1900 provided: †¢ 98. How did nature and science provide for inflation? †¢ †¢ Cause and effect: The return of prosperity after 1897 and new discoveries in Alaska and elsewhere effectively ended the free silver agitation and the domination of the money problem in American politics. Study the chronology on page 624. IV. Thought Provokers: (Or for class discussion) 1. Why has the Plains Indians’ resistance to white encroachment played such a large part in the popular American view of the West? How is that mythical past related to the Indians’ actual history? 2. What was â€Å"romantic† about the final phases of frontier settlement, and what was not? 3. Why was the â€Å"passing of the frontier† in 1890 a disturbing development for many Americans? Was the frontier more important as a particular place or as an idea? 4. Was the federal government biased against farmers and workers in the late ninetieth century? Why or why not? . Was McKinley’s election really a â€Å"conservative† one, or was it Bryan and the Populists who represented the agrarian past resisting a progressive urban American future? V. Makers of America: The Plains Indians (Questions for class discussion): 1. Compare the Plains Indians’ history and culture, especially before the coming of the whites, to that of the Iroquois (Chapter 2). How does this comparison prove the assertion that the cultures of various Indian peoples differ greatly? 2. In what ways did the Plains Indians benefit by the transformation of their way of life brought about by the horse? In what ways were they harmed? VI. Expanding the â€Å"Varying Viewpoints† ~ Frederick Jackson Turner, â€Å"Significance of the Frontier in American History† (1893) †¢ A view of the West as a place permanently shaping the formerly â€Å"European† American character: (His thesis) â€Å"The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward explain American development†¦. This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of American life, this expansion westward with its opportunities, its continuous touch with the simplicity of primitive society, furnish the forces dominating American character†¦. In this advance, the frontier is the outer edge of the wave–the meeting point between savagery and civilization†¦. † ~Richard White, The Middle Ground (1991) †¢ A view of the West as the product of the interaction of whites and Indians: (His thesis) â€Å"(The West) is not a traditional world either seeking to maintain itself unchanged or eroding under the pressure of whites. It is a joint Indian-white creation†¦. The real crisis came†¦ when Indians ceased to have power to force whites onto the middle ground. Then the desire of whites to dictate the terms of the accommodation could be given its head†¦. Americans invented Indians and forced Indians to live with the consequences. † VII. Questions about the â€Å"Varying Viewpoints† 1. What does each of these historians understand to be the essential characteristics of the West? 2. How does White’s assessment differ from Turner’s view of the frontier as a â€Å"meeting point between savagery and civilization†? 3. How would each of there historians interpret the Plains Indian wars and the confinement of Indians on reservations? VIII. Past A. P. Essay Questions from this area of study. 1. Ironically, popular belief in the ‘self-sufficient farmer’ and the ‘self-made man’ increased during the nineteenth century as the reality behind these beliefs faded. (1978) Assess the validity of this statement. 2. In what ways were the late nineteenth-century Populists the heirs of the Jacksonian Democrats with respect to overall objectives AND specific proposals for reform? (1989) 3. Although the economic development of the Trans-Mississippi West is popularly associated with hard individualism, it was in fact largely dependent on the federal government. Assess the validity of this statement with specific reference to western economic activities in the nineteenth century. (1991) 4. To what extent did the natural environment shape the development of the West beyond the Mississippi and the lives of those who lived and settled there? how important were other factors? DBQ (1992) Use BOTH evidence from the documents AND your knowledge of the period from the 1840s through the 1890s to compose your answer. 5. Analyze the economic consequences of the Civil War with respect to any TWO of the following in the United States between 1865 and 1880. (1997) Agriculture Labor Industrialization Transportation (See Free Response Question 1997 booklet Rubric-Question # 4, pages 53-62. ) 6. How were the Plains Indians in the second half of the nineteenth century affected by technological developments and government actions? (1999) 7. Ironically, popular belief in the ‘self-sufficient farmer’ and the ‘self-made man’ increased during the ninetieth century as the reality behind these beliefs faded (1978) Assess the validity of this statement. 8. Documents A-H reveal some of the problems that many farmers in the late nineteenth century (1880-1900) saw as threats to their way of life. Using the documents and your knowledge of the period, (a) explain the reasons for agrarian discontent and (b) evaluate the validity of the farmers’ complaints. The Populists. (1983 DBQ) Doing the DBQ pages # 130-138 (A-H = 8 Docs. ) 9. Analyze the reasons for the emergence of the Populist movement in the late nineteenth century. (1995) 10. Analyze the ways in which technology, government policy, and economic conditions changed agriculture in the period 1865 – 1900. DBQ (2007) In your answer be sure to evaluate farmers’ responses to these changes.